10.4
First-Order
RL
Circuits
solve, if we are to solve this circuit at all. This is due to the fact that the function
v
S
(
t) can at best be
known only from the instant at which this circuit came into existence and the inductor may have been
subjected to various voltages in various other circuits before this circuit was wired up. In that case, the
inductor
will be carrying a current
I
L
v dt
t
create
0
1
=
−∞
∫
L
where
-∞
refers to the instant of manufacturing of the inductor and
t
create
refers to the instant at
which the
RL circuit under discussion came into being. The voltage
v
L
(
t) in the above integral refers
to all the voltage that was applied to the inductor during this time interval. Thus, the inductor carries
its accumulated past in the form of an initial current
I
0
given by the above integral when it enters the
RL circuit we are trying to analyse. Notice that the voltage appearing in the integrand has no relation
with the source that is
applied subsequently to the RL circuit.
Briefly,
we need to know the past of inductor. However, fortunately we need not know everything
about its past – we need only the value of the above integral. We will be able to solve for
i
L
(
t) for all
instants after
t
create
if we know the value of
I
0
along with
v
S
(
t) from the instant it was applied,
i.e., from
t
create
. Obviously, we need to know everything about its past if we want to solve for
i
L
(
t) from
t
= -∞
onwards. That is too much of a past to carry. Therefore, we would want to solve for
i
L
(
t) only for
t
≥
t
create
usually. We need the value of
I
0
, the initial current in the inductor at an instant just prior to
t
create
for that. This single number condenses all the past history of inductor as far as the effect of
voltages applied to it in the past on the evolution of its current in future is concerned. This number is
called the
initial condition for the inductor.
The time instant
t
create
is to be understood as the instant from which we know the data required for
solving the differential equation. That is the time instant at which the initial condition is specified for
the inductor and it is the time instant from which we have complete knowledge about the input source
voltage. Moreover, it is the time instant from which the inductor should act as an element in this circuit
and only in this circuit. It is customary in Circuit Theory to set this instant as the time-zero instant,
i.e.,
t
create
=
0 unless there is some specific reason for making it different.
Usually, some kind of switching action takes place in the circuit at this instant. It could be a
switching that applies a specific voltage waveform at its input. Or, it could be a switching operation
which changes the structure of the circuit – for example, one element in the circuit may have been
kept shorted by closing a switch across it and now at
t
=
0 that switch is opened. Such switching action
usually brings in jump discontinuities in circuit variables. Jump discontinuities in variables involved
in differential equations are difficult to handle mathematically unless singularity functions are brought
in. We do not want to do that in this book. Our way of handling such discontinuities in circuit variables
will be circuit-theoretic and we need to define two more time instants to facilitate our circuit-theoretic
reasoning in such situations. These two time instants are
t
=
0
-
and
t
=
0
+
.
t
=
0
-
is a time instant which
is to the left of
t
=
0 in the time axis. However, the time interval [0
-
, 0] is of infinitesimal width,
i.e.,
0
-
is arbitrarily close to 0, but always less than 0. Similarly, 0
+
is on the right of 0 and is arbitrarily
close to 0. Thus, 0
-
< 0 < 0
+
while 0
-
0
-
≈
0 and 0
+
-
0
≈
0.
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