4.38
Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis
of Memoryless Circuits
V
2
V
1
–12 V
1 A
2 A
1 A
2 V
+
+
+
–
–
+
–
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
2
Ω
3
Ω
R
1
R
4
R
2
4
Ω
1
Ω
1
Ω
R
3
R
5
I
1
I
3
I
2
Fig. 4.8-5
Circuit for Example 4.8-3
Solution
The independent current source
I
2
constrains the second mesh current to be equal to 2 A. This results
in first mesh current getting
constrained by the equation i
1
-
i
2
=
-
1A
resulting in i
1
=
1A. The
independent current source
I
3
along with the current source
I
2
imposes a constraint on
i
3
resulting in
i
3
=
3A. Thus, all the three mesh current variables are constrained by the independent current sources.
There is no mesh current variable to be determined.
If the sources in this circuit are deactivated, the resulting network will have
no closed loops. This is
yet another feature of a fully constrained circuit.
Elements other than the current sources have nothing to do with mesh currents in this circuit.
They affect only the voltages that appear across the current sources. These voltages can be found by
applying KVL in the meshes.
Applying
KVL to the first mesh,
–2V
+
2
W ×
1A
-
3
W ×
(2A
-
1A)
-
v
I
1
=
0
⇒
v
I
1
=
-
3V
Applying
KVL to the third mesh,
v
I
3
+
1
W ×
(3A
-
2A)
+
4
W ×
3A
-
12V
=
0
⇒
v
I
3
=
-
1V
Applying
KVL to the second mesh,
v
I
1
+
3
W ×
(2A
-
1A)
+
v
I
2
+
1
W ×
2A
-
1
W ×
(3A
-
2A)
-
v
I
3
=
0
v
I
2
=
-
2V
The currents through resistors, voltages across them and currents through voltage sources can be
found by inspection. The complete solution is marked in Fig. 4.8-6.
V
2
V
1
–12 V
1 A
2 A
2 A
–2 V
2 V
2 V
2 V
+
+
+
+
–
–
+
–
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
–
–
–
–1 V
3 V
–3 V
1 V
1 A
1 A
1 A
1 A
3 A
12 V
1A
2A
3A
Fig. 4.8-6
Complete solution for circuit in Example 4.8-3
Three independent current sources in a three-mesh circuit need not result in a fully constrained
circuit necessarily. For instance, assume that the source
I
3
is shifted and connected in series with
R
1
in
Fig. 4.8-5. We note that the three independent current sources will have to satisfy the condition that
I
3
+
I
1
–
I
2
=
0 due to KCL constraint at the node between
R
1
and
R
2
. This constraint is satisfied with
the values used in the present example. However, the reader may verify that it will be impossible to
determine the voltages that appear across the current sources in this case though the mesh currents can
be determined. The circuit will have many solutions.
Mesh Analysis of Circuits Containing Dependent
Sources
4.39
The constraint above need not be satisfied by any three arbitrary current sources. If they do not,
then they are trying to violate KCL. That will imply that circuit has no solution. In practice, there will
be a solution since each practical current source will have some finite resistance across it. But then,
the circuit becomes a different one.
Similar conclusions will follow for a case with more than (
b
-
n
+
1) independent current sources
in an
n-node
b-element circuit – either the circuit cannot be solved due to inconsistencies in KCL
equations or the circuit cannot be solved uniquely.
Thus, the maximum number of independent current source that can be there in an
n
-node b-element circuit with unique solution is (
b
-
n
+
1).
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