2.18
Basic
Circuit Laws
Fig. 2.4-7 shows the actual connections involved in the circuit. The input terminal pair of the
VCVS is connected across the terminals of the independent current source and the output terminal
pair is connected between right-side terminal of the resistor and left-side terminal of current source.
The source function value of VCVS is –0.5
v
x
, where
v
x
is the voltage sensed by its input terminal pair.
10 V
+
–
+
+
–
–
5
Ω
2 A
–0.5
v
x
v
x
Fig. 2.4-7
Circuit in Example 2.4-3 redrawn to show the
VCVS terminal connections
The input terminal pair of an ideal VCVS is an open-circuit and does not affect the circuit
behaviour in any manner. Therefore, it is sufficient to identify the controlling variable of a VCVS as in
Fig. 2.4-6.
The variable and reference direction assignment is shown
in Fig. 2.4-8. Note that we have not assigned any new voltage
variable across the current source.
The voltage variable v
x
itself is taken as its voltage variable. Therefore, the reference
direction of current in current source and reference polarity
for its voltage is not according to passive sign convention. This
will not cause any problem in applying the element equation
of current source in KVL. This is because the voltage across a
current source is independent of its current. However, the fact
that we are not using passive sign convention for this element
has to be kept in mind when calculating the power delivered by this source. Adhering to passive sign
convention is important in the case of passive elements since the element relation of a passive element
depends on the relative polarities of voltage and current in the element.
Applying KVL in the loop, we get
−
− − −
+
=
−
− Ω ×
+
=
∴ =
=
10
0 5
0
10
5
2
1 5
0
40
3
13
1
V
V
A
V
v
v
v
i e
v
v
x
x
x
x
(
.
)
. .,
(
)
.
.
..33 V
The complete solution is marked in Fig. 2.4-9.
2 A
2 A
+
–
–
–
–
+ +
+
2 A
2 A
10 V
V
10 V
20
3
V
40
3
Fig. 2.4-9
Circuit solution in Example 2.4-3
2 A
2 A
2 A
2 A
10 V
v
x
v
1
–0.5
v
x
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
Fig. 2.4-8
Circuit
variable and
reference direction
assignment in
Example 2.4-3
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Analysis of
a Single-Node-Pair Circuit
2.19
Power absorbed by the 10 V voltage source
=
10 V
×
2 A
=
20 W
Power absorbed by the 5
W
resistance
=
10 V
×
2 A
=
20 W
Power
delivered by the VCVS
=
(20/3) V
×
2 A
=
40/3 W
Power delivered by the 2 A current source
=
(40/3) V
×
2 A
=
80/3 W
Total
power absorbed
=
20 W
+
20 W
=
40 W
Total power delivered
=
(40/3) W
+
(20/3) W
=
40 W
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