10.7
unIt ImpulSe reSponSe oF SerIeS
RL
cIrcuIt
We look at the response of series RL circuit in Fig. 10.1-1 with v
S
(t)
=
d
(t), the unit impulse voltage.
We have discussed the unit impulse function in detail in Chapter 3. We saw that we can view unit
impulse function as a limiting case of a rectangular pulse waveform of amplitude 1/
D
t V located
between t
=
0 and t
= D
t as
D
t
→
0. The pulse always maintains unit area under it by increasing the
amplitude as its duration decreases. We use this interpretation of unit impulse function to analyse
impulse response of an RL circuit first. The circuit is assumed to be initially relaxed.
v
S
1
∆
t
Time
∆
t
i
L
I
P
Time
∆
t
Fig. 10.7-1
Pulse response of series
RL
circuit
Unit Impulse Response of Series
RL
Circuit
10.35
The applied pulse and circuit current responses are shown in Fig. 10.7-1. The response in the
interval [0
+
,
D
t] will be the same as the unit step response scaled by 1 /
D
t, At
D
t the applied voltage
at input goes to zero, i.e., the input gets shorted and a source-free RL circuit starts executing its zero-
input response from that point onwards. The amplitude of this response has to be the initial current
value just prior to
D
t. This value is marked as I
P
in the Fig. 10.7-1. An expression for I
P
can be obtained
by evaluating the first part of response at
D
t as shown in Eqn. 10.7-1.
i t
R t
e
t
t
I e
t t
I
t
P
t
P
L
for
for
( )
(
)
/
/
=
−
≤ ≤
< < ∞
=
−
+
−
1
1
0
1
∆
∆
∆
t
t
R
R t
e
t
∆
∆
(
)
/
1
−
−
t
(10.7-1)
As
D
t is decreased, the value of I
P
increases and moves towards left in time axis. Eventually, it
attains a limit as
D
t
→
0. This limiting value can be found by using series expansion for exponential
function as in Eqn. 10.7-2 the following equation:
I
R t
e
R t
t
t
t
P
t
=
−
=
− −
+
−
+
−
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
3
∆
∆
∆
∆
∆
∆
(
)
!
!
/
t
t
t
t
∵
=
=
=
1
1
R
t
L
L R
t
t
t
for small
∆
(
/ )
(10.7-2)
Therefore, as
D
t
→
0 the first part of response tends to become a jump by 1 /L A and second part
becomes an exponential from t
=
0
+
onwards with 1 /L as the starting value. And in the limit, the
impulse response becomes
i t
L
e
t
t
L
A for
( )
/
=
≥
−
+
1
0
t
(10.7-3)
The only steady feature the unit impulse function possesses after t
=
0
+
is constancy at zero value.
Therefore, we expect the forced response to be zero. The only response component that can be there in
the impulse response is the transient response component. And, since the initial condition at t
=
0
-
is
zero (because the voltage applied to the circuit in the interval (
∞
, 0
-
] is zero) it follows that zero-input
response is zero. Therefore, the impulse response appearing in Eqn. 10.7-3 is the zero-state response
for unit impulse application.
Now, consider the series RL circuit with an initial condition of 1 /L A at t
=
0
-
and v
S
( t)
=
0 for t
≥
0
+
.
This is a source-free RL circuit with non-zero initial energy. It will have only zero-input response
component in its response and its total response will be
i t
L
e
t
t
L
A for
( )
/
=
≥
−
+
1
0
t
10.36
First-Order
RL
Circuits
which is exactly the same as the unit impulse response. Thus, the effect of applying
d
( t) is to change
the initial condition of inductor between t
=
0
-
and t
=
0
+
.
Remember, we have always pointed out
that initial condition at t
=
0
-
and t
=
0
+
will be the same only if no impulse voltage is applied in the
circuit or supported in the circuit. Applying
d
( t) amounts to keeping the circuit shorted for t
≤
0
-
and
t
≥
0
+
and applying an undefined voltage at t
=
0 such that a finite V-s area of 1V-s is dumped into
the circuit at t
=
0. This results in changing the inductor current by 1V-s/L henry
=
1/L A between
t
=
0
-
and t
=
0
+
.
The equivalence between non-zero initial condition at t
=
0
-
and application of suitably sized
impulse voltage at t
=
0 is further clarified by the relations in Eqn. 10.7-4 where v
L
and i
L
are voltage
across an inductor and current through the inductor, respectively.
i t
L
v t dt
L
v t dt
L
v t dt
t
i
L
L
L
L
L
( )
( )
( )
( )
(
)
=
=
+
−∞
−∞
=
∫
∫
∫
−
−
+
+
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
+
+
∫
1
0
L
v t dt
t
L
( )
(10.7-4)
Circuit solution for t
≥
0
+
requires only the value of initial current at t
=
0
+
.
This value is the sum of
the first two definite integrals in Eqn. 10.7-4. It does not matter which integral contributes how much
as long as the sum of their contributions remain constant as far as i
L
( t) after t
=
0
+
is concerned. First
integral gives the initial current in inductor due to all the voltages applied to it in the past. Second
integral will be non-zero only if impulse voltage is applied to inductor at t
=
0. As far as i
L
( t) after
t
=
0
+
is concerned these two terms are interchangeable. Therefore, an initial current of I
0
in the
inductor at t
=
0
-
may be replaced by zero initial current at t
=
0
-
and an impulse voltage LI
0
d
( t) with
correct polarity in series with the inductor.
But the voltage variable that appeared in Eqn. 10.7-4 was the voltage across inductor. If we want to
replace a non-zero initial current at t
=
0
-
by an impulse voltage source, we must ensure that impulse
source appears fully across inductor and does not lose itself across other elements in the circuit.
Therefore, we have to argue that the
d
( t) we applied at the input travels through R and appears fully
across L. The definition of unit impulse function avoids defining it at t
=
0 and makes up for that by
providing its area content in an infinitesimally small interval around t
=
0.
d
d
( )
( )
t
t
undefined at t
t
t
=
− ∞ < ≤
=
≤ < ∞
−
+
0
0
0
0
0
for
for
and
ddt
=
−
+
∫
1
0
0
Now, consider applying this to an RL circuit. Refer to Fig. 10.1-1. Applying KVL in the mesh, we
get v
R
( t)
+
v
L
( t)
=
v
S
( t) for all t. Since this relation is true for all t, we can integrate both sides of the
equation between same two limits to get the following relation.
Area under v
R
( t) between two instants t
1
and t
2
+
Area under v
L
( t) between two instants t
1
and t
2
=
Area under v
S
( t) between two instants t
1
and t
2
. Taking t
1
=
0
-
and t
2
=
0
+
this relation results in
v t dt
v t dt
t dt
R
L
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
−
+
−
+
−
+
∫
∫
∫
+
=
=
d
Unit Impulse Response of Series
RL
Circuit
10.37
We need to show that the first integral on the left side is zero. Let us assume that it is zero. Then,
second integral is 1. The second integral value divided by L gives the change in inductor current over
the interval [0
-
, 0
+
]. Therefore, the inductor current change is 1 /L A and the inductor current is 1 /L
A since circuit was initially relaxed. This is the maximum value that the current can have at t
=
0
+
since we had assumed that the first integral value is zero. Thus, the current through the circuit during
[0
-
, 0
+
] is confined between 0 and a maximum of 1 /L A. This implies that though the current during
this infinitesimal interval is indeterminate in value (because there is a jump discontinuity in it) it
remains upper-bounded and lower-bounded and hence is finite-valued in the interval. A finite-valued
function integrated over infinitesimal interval results in zero integral value. After all, there is no area
under a rectangle if the rectangle is of finite length in one direction and of infinitesimal length in the
other direction. Therefore the first integral, i.e., the portion of area content of
d
( t) that gets lost across
resistor, is zero and our assumption to that effect is correct. Now, we may similarly assume that this
integral is non-zero and prove that the assumption leads to a contradiction. Therefore, all the area
content of
d
( t) appears across inductor itself.
Non-zero initial current of
I
0
in an inductor L at
t
=
0
-
in a circuit can be replaced by zero
initial current at
t
=
0
-
along with an impulse voltage source
LI
0
d
(
t
) in series with the
inductor for solving the circuit in the domain [0
+
,
∞
).
Moreover, we have resolved the small problem we had with linearity and superposition principle
in dynamic circuits. In fact, there is no problem. Superposition principle is fully obeyed by linear
dynamic circuits. Only that we have to apply it carefully when there are non-zero initial condition
values specified. In that case, we have to remember that each initial condition represents a source
and that it becomes a multi-source problem. When changes are effected in a source, superposition
principle has to be applied to that component of total response contributed by the particular source.
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