Axborot texnologiyalari, tarmoqlar va telekommunikatsiyalar

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro‘yhati 
1.
T.N.Nishonboev. Servisga yo‘nalishtirilgan taqsimlangan tizimlar. – T.: “Fan 
va technologiya”, 2017, 300 bet 
2.
B.E.Туманов. Проектирование хранилищ данных для приложений систем 
деловой осведомленности (Business Intelligence System). изд. ИНТУИТ.2016г. 
3.
Бринк Хенрик, Ричарс Джозеф, Феверолф Марк, Машинное обучение, 
СПБ.: Питер, 2017г. 
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES USED IN IOT.LTE STANDARD THEIR 
STRUCTURE AND NETWORK TOPOLOGY 
Serjanova Dilbar
1
, Jolimbetova Eleonora
3
 
1
assistant teacher at Tashkent University of Information Technologies, 
Nukus branch 
2
Master degree at Tashkent University of Information Technologies, 
Nukus branch. 
 
Annotation 
This article describes the Wireless technologies used in the Internet of things 
LTE standard, their network structure and topology. Interworking of the E- 
UTRAN radio access network and the SAE core network, their main architecture 
components. 
Keywords: 
Public Warning System (PWS), E-UTRAN radio resource 
networks, SAE core network (System Architecture Evolution), 
GSM 
system(Group Special Mobile), GPRS(General Packet radio Service) technology. 
In the general case, the Internet of Things is understood as a set of various 
devices, sensors, devices, networked through any available communication 
channels, using various protocols for interacting with each other and the only 
protocol for accessing the global network[1]. 
The idea of the Internet of Things itself is very simple. Let’s imagine that all 
the objects and devices around us (household appliances and utensils, clothes, 
products, cars, industrial equipment, etc.) are equipped with miniature 
identification and sensory (sensitive) devices. 

---

International scientific conference "INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, NETWORKS AND 
TELECOMMUNICATIONS" ITN&T-2022 Urgench, 2022y April 29-30 
423 
The concept of IoT plays a decisive role in the further development of the 
infocommunication industry. This is confirmed by the position the International 
Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the European Union in this matter, and the 
inclusion of the Internet of Things in the list of breakthrough technologies in the 
United States, China and other countries. And although at the international level 
this concept is already acquiring the features of an established technology, active 
work is underway for it in the field of standardization of architecture, technical 
components, applications, but at the same time, there are just as many opinions 
about how exactly the Internet of things will be built. 
The Internet is currently used as a global network for the Internet of Things. 
Wireless technologies used in Internet of Things LTE (Long-Term 
Evolution). The further evolution of the GSM(Group Special Mobile), system was 
GPRS(General Packet radio Service) technology. Its implementation contributed to 
a more efficient use of the channel resource and the creation of a comfortable 
environment when working with the Internet. 
Wireless technologies used in the Internet of Things. GPRS standards, 
structure, network topology. The further evolution of the GSM system was the 
GPRS technology. Its implementation contributed to a more efficient use of the 
channel resource and the creation of a comfortable environment when working 
with the Internet. The GPRS system is designed as a packet data transmission 
system with a theoretical maximum transmission rate of about 170 kbit/s. GPRS 
coexists with the GSM network, reusing the basic structure of the access network. 
The GPRS system is an extension of GSM networks with the provision of data 
services over the existing infrastructure, while the core network is expanding by 
overlaying new components and interfaces dedicated to packet transmission. GPRS 
is a standardized method for transmitting packet data using the GSM radio 
interface. In other words, it allows the physical environment in cells to be used for 
voice and data transmission. 
Progress did not stand still and, to increase the speed of data transfer, a new 
system was invented - EDGE. It provided for the introduction of a new modulation 
scheme. As a result, a speed of 384 kbps became achievable. EDGE has been 
introduced in GSM networks since 2003 by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United 
States. GPRS technologies have different names in different sources. They have 
already outgrown the second generation, but have not yet reached the third. GPRS 
was often called 2.5G, EDGE(Enhanced Data rates for GSM evolution) - 2.75G. 
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the name of a mobile data transmission 
technology. The 3GPP project is a standard for improving CDMA(Code Division 
Multiple access), UMTS technologies to meet future data rate needs[2]. 
The LTE network provides for the provision of new services by the Public 
Warning System (PWS) in the event of an earthquake, tsunami, tornado, etc., the 
introduction of a control system for special services, the further development of 
VoIP multimedia voice services (IMS), broadcast MBMS services, services for 
determining the location of subscribers (Location Base Services — LBS), M2M 
services based on machine-to-machine networks. 

---

International scientific conference "INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, NETWORKS AND 
TELECOMMUNICATIONS" ITN&T-2022 Urgench, 2022y April 29-30 
424 
New scenarios for the development of LTE networks will be based on the 
implementation of the LTE/UMTS3500MHz, LTEAJMTS800MHz, LTE/ 
UMTS1500MHz bands, the introduction of repeaters for the 1.28 Mbit/s, ensuring 
the joint operation of the SAE core network improving mechanisms for interaction 
with external Wi-Fi access networks-Fi, Wi-MAX, CDMA2000, etc. 
At present, the basic requirements that the LTE Advanced system must 
satisfy have already been formulated. In fact, these are requirements for the 
standard of fourth generation mobile networks (4G): 
-
the maximum data transfer rate in the downlink - up to 1 Gbps, in the 
uplink - up to 500 Mbps (average throughput per subscriber - three times higher 
than in LTE); 
- downlink bandwidth - 100 MHz, uplink bandwidth - 60 MHz; 
-
the maximum efficiency of using the spectrum in the downlink - 30 bit / s / 
Hz, in the uplink - 15 bit / s / Hz (three times higher than in LTE); 
-
full compatibility and interoperability with LTE and other systems of 
3GPP standards. 
To solve these problems, it is proposed to use radio channels with a wider 
bandwidth (up to 100 MHz), asymmetric bandwidth division between the uplink 
and downlink in the case of frequency duplex, more advanced coding and error 
correction systems. 
The range of an LTE base station may vary depending on the power and 
frequencies used. In the optimal case, this is about 5 km, but if necessary, the range 
can be 30 km or even 100 km (with sufficient antenna elevation). 
A call or data transmission session initiated in the LTE coverage area can 
technically be transmitted without disruption to the 3G network (W-CDMA, 
CDMA2000) or to GSM / GPRS / EDGE. Thus, the development of LTE networks 
is possible on the already developed networks of both GSM operators (in Russia - 
operators of the "Big Three") and CDMA operators, which significantly reduces 
the cost of deployment networks (as opposed to Wi Max networks). 
The International Telecommunication Union ITU officially recognized 
LTE-Advanced as the fourth generation (4G) wireless communication standard. 
LTE standard. Network structure, topology. The LTE network consists of 
two essential components: the E-UTRAN radio access network and the SAE core 
network (System Architecture Evolution) is the network core architecture 
developed by the 3GPP consortium for the LTE wireless communication standard. 
The main requirements of the 3GPP project to the SAE network were: the 
maximum possible simplification of the network structure and the elimination of 
duplicate functions of network protocols typical for the UMTS system. 
One of the most important management tasks in the LTE network is the 
most efficient use of radio resources. This problem is solved using a set of radio 
resource management functions RRM (radio resource management of the E- 
UTRAN, radio data service control, mobility management, access control, dynamic 
resource allocation) and using the RRC radio resource control protocol. 
Requirements for radio resource management functions are given in TR25.913. 

---

International scientific conference "INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, NETWORKS AND 
TELECOMMUNICATIONS" ITN&T-2022 Urgench, 2022y April 29-30 
425 
The main component of the SAE architecture is the Evolved Packet Core 
(EPC). The EPC is the equivalent of the GPRS network. 
The components of the EPC are: MME (Mobility Management Entity) - this 
is the key control module for the LTE access network. It is responsible for the 
mobility, handover, tracking and paging procedures of the UE (User Equipment). 
He participates in the processes of activation / deactivation of network resources 
and is also responsible for the selection of SGW for the UE during the initial 
connection and during handover within LTE with a change of the Core Network 
(CN) node. He is responsible for user authentication when interacting with the 
HSS (Home Subscriber Server - subscriber data server). HSS is a combination of 
VLR, HLR, AUC performed in one device. 
Fifth generation of mobile communications (5G). R&D is currently 
underway to design and build 5G networks. The following requirements have been 
declared for the fifth generation networks (in comparison with LTE): 
-
10-100 times increase in the data transfer rate per subscriber; 
-
Growth by 1000 times of the average traffic consumed by a subscriber per 
month; 
-
Ability to service a larger (100 times) number of devices connected to the 
network; 
-
Multiple reduction in energy consumption of subscriber devices; 
-
Reduction of 5 or more times of network delays; 
-
Reducing the total cost of operating fifth generation networks[2]. 
Several countries around the world are developing 5G networks. At present, 
the task is to decide on the basis of which technologies the new networks will be 
deployed. Optimization and standardization of equipment, as well as the first test 
launches are planned for 2015-2018, and in 2018-2020 the first non-commercial 
5G networks are expected to be deployed for trial operation. The commercial 
launch of the fifth generation networks is expected no earlier than 2022.