4.5.3
The doctrine of constructive presence
The practice of States has, at least since the latter part of the 19th century, accepted that
the presence of a mother ship beyond the crucial maritime belt—or on the high seas—
would still give rise to a right of hot pursuit against it where boats belonging to, or
associated with, the mother ship commit offences in the coastal State’s maritime zones
of jurisdiction.
88
This is known as the doctrine of constructive presence, whereby for
the purposes of hot pursuit the mother ship, otherwise not lawful prey, is deemed to
be within the enforcement jurisdiction of the coastal State.
89
The doctrine has been
codified in both UNCLOS and the 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas, and Art
111(4) of UNCLOS provides that hot pursuit is not deemed to have commenced:
…unless the pursuing ship has satisfied itself…that the ship pursued or one of its
boats or other craft working as a team and using the ship pursued as a mother ship
is within the limits of the territorial sea, or, as the case may be, within the contiguous
zone or the exclusive economic zone or above the continental shelf.
Although the doctrine of constructive presence was born to challenge situations
involving a mother ship and smaller boats operating from the mother ship (eg,
83
Op cit,
Poulantzas, note 73, p 212.
84
Op cit,
Churchill and Lowe, note 53, p 215.
85
589 F 2d 862 (1979).
86
The Newton Bay
case, 36 F 2d 729 (1929). The recent Judgment (Merits) in the
M/V Saiga
case, however,
supports a stricter view, para 148.
87
R v Mills
(unreported);
R v Sunila and Soleyman,
(1986) 28 DLR 450.
88
Araunah
(1888) Moore,
Int Arb
824;
Grace and Ruby,
283 F 475 (1922).
89
See WC Gilmore, ‘Hot Pursuit and Constructive Presence in Canadian Law Enforcement’, 12
Marine
Policy
(1988), 105.
International Criminal Law
108
Araunah
involved canoes engaged in sealing within Russian territorial waters and
operating from a British Columbian schooner on the high seas), in recent years it has
become common practice for a number of large vessels to be co-operating in illegal
activities (especially drug-trafficking and smuggling) without the existence of a
mother ship in the traditional sense. Thus, in the case of
R v Mills,
a ship registered
in St Vincent was smuggling cannabis into the UK by transferring the drugs through
the high seas to Ireland and from there to a British trawler which subsequently sailed
into British waters. Croydon Crown Court was not troubled by the fact that the British
trawler was not one of the boats of the pursued St Vincent vessel. Although this case
does not conform to the spirit of Art 111 of UNCLOS, its evolution will undoubtedly
depend on relevant State protests and consensus emanating from recent international
criminal co-operation initiatives in the spheres of organised crime, drug-trafficking
and terrorism.
CHAPTERS 5
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