International Criminal Law
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legitimate commercial businesses, undermine weakened economies and corrupt the
structures of government. The recognition that drug-trafficking is linked to other
serious criminal activity, including terrorism, has raised concern in the international
community that trafficking has the potential to destabilise society. Thus problems
related to drug taking and drug-trafficking have become a major preoccupation for
governments and law enforcement agencies. The social problems caused by the use
of illicit drugs are difficult to quantify, but include health problems and the loss of
people participation in ordinary society. Individuals who are heavy users or addicts
of drugs may resort to crime to fund their drug use, thus burglary, prostitution and
shop theft are all common problems associated with drug use. Trafficking drugs is
an illegal activity and, therefore, not subject to the normal regulation of commercial
and contract law that legitimate business abides by. Violence and intimidation are
the tactics of ‘enforcement’ in the drug-trafficking industry. Trafficking of illicit drugs
is a lucrative market and large scale operations are the business of organised crime
groups. It has also been the case that States themselves have been implicated in illicit
drug-trafficking in various ways. History shows that Britain encouraged the opium
trade in Asia for national profit and that the US and French Governments aided and
abetted drug-trafficking in Laos for political reasons during the course of the Vietnam
War. Furthermore, there is evidence to show that the governments in some South
American States, such as Bolivia and Colombia, have been influenced or even run
by drug-trafficking cartels and that the US was involved with cocaine traffickers in
order to provide covert assistance to insurgent activities in Nicaragua. The US has
also apprehended the Head of State of Panama, General Noriega who was
subsequently convicted of drug-trafficking offences.
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Other significant problems associated with drug-trafficking are the bribery and
corruption of public officials so as to ease trafficking or avoid the scrutiny of police
and customs. Furthermore, the object of illicit drug-trafficking is to make profit. The
proceeds of drug-trafficking cannot be accounted for in an ordinary legitimate way
and, therefore, need to be disguised so that they can be used. This chapter will also
consider the problem of money laundering. Debate is ongoing and discussion exists
over the decriminalisation or legalisation of some of the drugs currently outlawed.
Commentators argue that by allowing the sale and consumption of some drugs
currently considered illegal, thereby removing their illicit nature, State authorities
would be able to regulate those drugs to a more effective degree and consequently
mitigate the network of crime that is currently associated with drug-trafficking.
International legal efforts to counter drug-trafficking should be viewed in concert
with other aspects of international legal co-operation including police co-operation
during investigations and extradition and mutual legal assistance in preparing
prosecutions.
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