Prosecutor v Joseph Leki,
Judgment (11 June 2001), Case No 5/2000, reported in
op cit,
Linton, note 35,
p 111.
47
R Wilde, ‘From Danzig to East Timor and Beyond: The Role of International Territorial
Administration’, 95
AJIL
(2001), 583.
48
UNMIK/REG/1999/1 (25 July 1999), on the authority of the interim administration in Kosovo.
Chapter 15: Internationalised Domestic Criminal Tribunals
405
again so long as they did not conflict with international law standards, UNMIK’s
mandate, or any subsequent UNMIK regulation. Since, however, pre-1999 law was
FRY Milosevic-inflicted law, the Albanian judges either resigned from their posts or
refused to enforce it, applying instead pre-1989 Kosovar criminal law, which in any
event did not differ much from FRY criminal law.
49
As a result of this intransigence,
and in the face of a judicial vacuum, Regulation 1999/1 was amended by Regulation
1999/24,
50
which held as applicable law all primary and secondary UNMIK
instruments, as well as the law in force in Kosovo on 22 March 1989. In case of conflict
between the two, the former takes precedence, and where a matter is not covered by
the laws set out in a regulation but is instead covered by another law in force in
Kosovo after 22 March 1989, which is not discriminatory and complies with
international legal standards, that law is, as an exceptional measure, applicable.
Moreover, s 3 of Regulation 1999/24 rendered this amendment retroactive as of 10
June 1999. However, between 10 June and 12 December 1999, at which time the
amendment was adopted, some Kosovar courts had already convicted a number of
defendants on the basis of the pre-1989 Kosovar criminal law, which as Turns correctly
points out ‘had the highly objectionable effect of retrospectively validating
convictions that had been handed down under a non-operative law’.
51
The saving
grace in all this confusion, as far as the rights of the accused are concerned, is the fact
that defendants are to benefit from the most favourable provision in the criminal
laws which were in force in Kosovo between 22 March 1989 and 10 June 1999, in
accordance with Regulation 1999/24.
52
Unlike UNTAET, UNMIK did not introduce a regulation establishing special
panels, nor international offences for adjudication before Kosovar courts.
Nonetheless, on 13 December 1999, an UNMIK Commission recommended the
creation of the Kosovo War and Ethnic Crimes Court (KWECC), with jurisdiction
over war crimes, crimes against humanity and other serious offences on the grounds
of ethnicity, and functioning with in the Kosovo legal system, albeit staffed also by
international judges. Although the project was endorsed, it was eventually
abandoned.
53
Finally, Regulation 2000/64
54
should be mentioned. This allowed the
Prosecutors and defendants to petition the UNMIK Department of Judicial Affairs
for the substitution of international judges where the impartiality of a local judge
was in doubt; it also included petitions for the change of venue. The petition is of no
avail once trial or appeal proceedings have commenced, hence the petitioner is
required to institute proceedings in advance of such judicial proceedings.
49
Op cit,
Turns, note 38.
50
UNMIK/REG/1999/24 (12 December 1999), on the law applicable in Kosovo.
51
Op cit,
Turns, note 38.
52
Regulation 1999/24, s 1.
53
For an excellent overview of the post-1999 Kosovo legal system, see M Bohlander, ‘Kosovo: The
Legal Framework of the Prosecution and the Courts’, in K Ambos and M Othman,
New Approaches
in International Criminal Justice: Kosovo, East Timor, Sierra Leone and Cambodia,
2003, Freiburg Br.
54
UNMIK/REG/2000/64 (15 December 2000), on assignment of international judges/ prosecutors
and/or change of venue, as amended by UNMIK/REG/2001/34 (15 December 2001).
International Criminal Law
406
15.5 THE CAMBODIAN EXTRAORDINARY CHAMBERS
The Khmer Rouge seized power in Cambodia on 17 April 1975. By all accounts,
although during their reign information from the country was extremely difficult to
obtain, the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, eliminated their so called internal enemies,
which included Buddhist monks, the Muslim Cham, Chinese and Vietnamese
communities, as well as anyone who was or even resembled an intellectual. Those
urban dwellers that survived the genocide which ensued were sent to rural camps as
part of the regime’s peasant revolution, purging the country of all foreign elements as
well as of economic, scientific or cultural institutions.
55
Following an invasion by the
Vietnamese armed forces on 6 January 1979, Cambodia was liberated from Pol Pot—
who regrouped and launched a guerilla war—but the latter’s legacy resulted in the
extermination of at least 1.7 million people, amounting to 20% of the entire population.
Despite the aforementioned atrocities, Cold War politics, which viewed the post-
1979 Government of Heng Samrin as an instrumentality of the Vietnamese
‘communists’, were responsible for retaining for some time the Khmer seat at the
United Nations. Following the Vietnamese withdrawal in 1989 and the subsequent
Paris Conferences on Cambodia which resulted in the signing of a Comprehensive
Settlement Agreement on 23 October 1991, the UN installed an interim
administration, the Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC).
56
It was only after
the departure of UNTAC that any attempted prosecution of Khmer Rouge members
could take place. In 1997 the Cambodian Government requested UN assistance.
Thereafter, a Group of Experts was appointed with the task of evaluating the
feasibility of trials, ascertaining an appropriate legal basis and court structure, and
assessing the viability of apprehensions.
57
Among five possible types of tribunals,
the Group of Experts recommended the establishment of an ad hoc international
tribunal under the aegis of the UN, partly due to well documented and widespread
corruption within the Cambodian judiciary.
58
By March 1999, however, when the
report was circulated to the General Assembly and the Security Council, the
Cambodian Government had rejected the option of an ad hoc tribunal, and the UN
eventually agreed on a compromise position, whereby jurisdiction would be vested
in a tribunal situated within the Cambodian legal system and composed of both
national and international judges. The UN pledged its co-operation in the process
only if the Cambodians agreed to incorporate in their implementing law the
modalities set out in a draft Memorandum of Understanding. Their failure to do so
was explained as the most serious reason for the UN’s first withdrawal from the
negotiations. The truth remains that the UN was not prepared to support a corrupt
judicial system over which it had no effective control.
55
See B Kierman,
The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge,
1975–
79, 1996.
56
R Ratner, ‘The Cambodian Settlement Accords’, 87
AJIL
(1993), 1, pp 3–5; SC Res 717 (16 October
1991).
57
GA Res 52/135 (12 December 1997), para 16.
58
Report of the Group of Experts for Cambodia,
UN Doc A/53/850-S/1999/231, para 129; see R Ratner,
‘The United Nations Group of Experts for Cambodia’, 93
AJIL
(1999), 948.
Chapter 15: Internationalised Domestic Criminal Tribunals
407
This UN withdrawal did not deter the Cambodian Government. Following a
second approval by the Cambodian Senate on 23 July 2001, the Law on the
Establishment of Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the
Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Cambodia was
adopted.
59
The 2001 Law establishes distinct chambers within the Cambodian legal
system, with a number of international elements. First, it includes international as
well as domestic judges; secondly, all international judges and prosecutors, although
appointed by Cambodia’s Supreme Council of Magistracy, will be selected from a
list prepared by the UN Secretary General.
60
Moreover, the UN will contribute to the
funding of the Chambers through the creation of a special fund soliciting voluntary
contributions.
61
Thirdly, some of the listed offences have drawn heavily on definitions
found in international instruments. In a surprising move, the UN brokered an
agreement with the Cambodian Government in mid-March 2003, allowing for UN
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |