Chapter 13: The International Criminal Tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda 355
must be part of the attack; (c) the attack must be directed against any civilian population;
(d) the attack must be widespread or systematic; and (e) the perpetrator must know of
the wider context in which his acts occur and know that his acts are part of the attack.
It is obvious that the ICTY definition has retained the armed conflict nexus of the
Nuremberg Charter, but has accepted jurisdiction irrespective of the nature of the
conflict. Furthermore, there exists no requirement, unlike Art 6(c) of the Nuremberg
Charter, that crimes against humanity be connected to any other offences. The ICTY
Appeals Chamber in the
Tadic
case held that Art 5 was narrower than customary
international law, which did not require any nexus to armed conflict.
100
This aspect of
customary law (that is, the absence of a nexus to armed conflict) is reflected in Art 3 of
the ICTR Statute, which, however, requires the existence of a discriminatory intent on
national, political, ethnic, racial or religious grounds. Discriminatory intent in Art 5 of
the ICTY Statute is required only with regard to the specific offence of persecution. Art
3 of the ICTR Statute further qualifies an attack as a crime against humanity when it is
perpetrated in either widespread or systematic fashion. This last element of a
‘widespread or systematic’ attack, although not expressly articulated in Art 5 of the
ICTY Statute, follows the customary definition of crimes against humanity and was
early elaborated by ICTY Chambers.
101
The concept of ‘attack’ in the definition of crimes
against humanity is significantly broader than that used in the context of the laws of
war, and particularly Art 49(1) of the 1977 Additional Protocol I, since it ‘may also
encompass situations of mistreatment of persons taking no active part in hostilities,
such as someone in detention’.
102
The underlying offence does not need to constitute
an attack, but must form part of, or be linked with the attack, which itself is the crime
against humanity.
103
In terms of ICTY temporal jurisdiction, although the attack must
be part of the armed conflict, it can outlast it.
104
The list of offences which may constitute
an ‘attack’ under the concept of crimes against humanity in the ICTY and ICTR Statutes
is both exhaustive and identical. They comprise of the following:
(a) murder;
(b) extermination;
(c) enslavement;
(d) deportation;
(e) imprisonment;
(f) torture;
(g) rape;
(h) persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds;
(i) other inhumane acts.
100
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