Chapter 9: Mutual Legal Assistance
249
of the note. Seizure of evidence in these circumstances would represent a breach of
the fundamental principle of justice and fair play which was recognised in Scotland.
Where a foreign official sought to justify a departure from the terms of the warrant,
this was required to be supported by evidence of practice in his country. Furthermore,
there were no circumstances which indicated that the principle of urgency could be
used to excuse the irregularity. The Scottish court should apply the same principles
to the admissibility of evidence obtained abroad as it does to evidence obtained as a
result of an unlawful search in Scotland. In dismissing this appeal, the Lord Justice
Clerk considered there was no basis to suggest the evidence was obtained in a manner
which offended Scottish principles of justice and fair play. Any irregularity was ‘one
of the most technical kind’
129
and related to the execution of a search warrant on a
vessel, which at the time was under the control of the Canadian authorities. Thus, it
was inappropriate for the court to exercise its discretion to exclude evidence. In this
case, the court was not prepared to look behind the decision of the Canadian court
to the transfer of items of evidence to see whether the procedure was in accordance
with foreign law. Interestingly, in
Schreiber v Canada,
130
the Canadian Supreme Court
was asked to consider whether the Canadian standard for the issuance of a search
warrant was required before the federal Department of Justice submitted a letter of
request to the Swiss authorities. The court held that a search carried out by foreign
authorities, in a foreign country, in accordance with foreign law did not infringe a
defendant’s reasonable expectation of privacy, as a foreigner cannot expect greater
privacy than is provided by national law.
On occasion prosecuting authorities have been able to use evidence obtained
outside the UK in accordance with foreign law, notwithstanding a prohibition on
the use of evidence obtained in the same manner within the jurisdiction. The Court
of Appeal has ruled that the provisions of the Interception of Communications Act
(ICA) 1985 which render telephone intercepts effected within the UK inadmissible
at trial do not apply to foreign telephone intercepts. Relying on evidence consisting
of telephone calls intercepted in the US, the US Government, in
Governor of Belmarsh
Prison ex p Martin,
131
sought the applicant’s extradition to stand trial for conspiracy
to cause explosions. Having considered the intercepts, the magistrate found that
there was a
prima facie
case against him and committed him to await the directions
of the Secretary of State. The applicant applied for a writ of habeas corpus on the
grounds that telephone intercepts were, by virtue of the ICA 1985, inadmissible in
proceedings in the UK. In this case, the Divisional Court did not concern itself with
the question whether the intercept was obtained in accordance with foreign law. It
was satisfied that a foreign telephone intercept obtained in the US, by US Government
agents, could be adduced in evidence in England because the ICA 1985 had no extra-
territorial jurisdiction.
132
Relevant to the court’s decision was the fact that no offence
had been committed by any person concerned in the operation of the public
communications system in the UK.
129
Ibid,
p 499.
130 [1998] 1 SCR 841.
131 [1995] 1 WLR 412.
132 For further discussion of the ICA 1985, see S Nash, Interception of Communications in the European
Union’, 5
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