International Criminal Law
244
bank in Paris. Following his arrest in the UK, he had been committed to prison to
await extradition to the USA on the basis of evidence obtained by US agents operating
in France. The magistrate allowed the US Government to adduce as evidence
transcripts of telephone conversations recorded in France without the knowledge
of the French authorities, in breach of French sovereignty, in breach of Art 8 of the
European Convention on Human Rights and without recourse to the available
mutual legal assistance provisions. Counsel for Chinoy argued that the transcripts
should have been excluded on the ground that US authorities had engineered the
applicant’s presence in the UK in order to avoid French proceedings, which amounted
to an abuse of process of the English court, and, in the alternative, the trial judge
should have exercised his exclusionary discretion under s 78(1) of the Police and
Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE).
In dismissing this application, Nolan J noted that ‘crucial evidence against the
applicant has been obtained by means which are criminal in France and, at any rate
according to French law, are in breach of the European Convention on Human
Rights’.
102
He proceeded to ask: ‘If (subject to s 78 of PACE) evidence unlawfully
obtained in England is admissible, as Sang declares, then why should a different
rule apply with regard to evidence obtained unlawfully in another country?’
103
Holding that evidence obtained abroad in breach of foreign law or international
law ‘formed part of the circumstances in which the evidence was obtained’,
104
Nolan
J considered it relevant that ‘all the misconduct of which complaint is made took
place before the matter came within the jurisdiction of the magistrates’ court, and
involved no abuse of process before that court’.
105
The fact that the court may find
the manner in which the evidence was obtained objectionable is relevant to, but not
determinative of, the judge’s discretion to admit or exclude such evidence.
106
Accordingly, the magistrate was entitled to take the view that these breaches carried
‘no more weight than breaches of English law and therefore did not constitute
sufficient reason for excluding the evidence’.
107
The court chose to adopt a policy of
non-inquiry into the manner in which evidence was obtained outside the UK by
foreign law enforcement agencies and has been criticised for engaging in the
laundering of evidence.
108
In presenting evidence obtained in breach of foreign law
for use in the criminal process in another jurisdiction, the manner in which the
evidence was obtained can be more easily overlooked than if it was obtained within
the jurisdiction. Gane and Mackarel argue that, in
Chinoy,
evidence obtained
unlawfully by US agents was effectively ‘laundered’ through local admissibility rules.
101 PACE, s 78, applies to extradition proceedings. Whilst the Criminal Procedure and Investigations
Act (CPIA) 1996, para 26, Sched 1, removed committal proceedings from the scope of PACE, s 78 by
inserting s 78(3), it is arguable that in extradition proceedings the magistrate is not sitting in the
same capacity as an examining magistrate in criminal proceedings.
102 [1992] 1 All ER 317, p 330.
103
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