COLONIZATION AND EDUCATION
5
that declined to three to four hours in 1922. Korean language classes became
optional in 1938, and were finally abolished by 1943.
15
II.
Data
II.1.
Mungwa
In this article, we rely on the number of
mungwa
passers—that is, people who
passed the higher civil service exam (
daegwa
)—as the foremost indicator for the
level of educated pre-colonial elite accumulation in an area.
16
The
mungwa
passers
literally represent those who passed the higher civil exams and thus can be reliably
considered as educated, consequently supplying the labour force of school teachers
and influencing decisions concerning various school establishments.
Yangban
, on
the other hand, may be more broadly defined as the upper social class, whose
members achieved their status through the merit-based exam system, but also
through other means.
17
The examination records during the Joseon Dynasty were obtained from the
Academy of Korean Studies’ Historical Figures Comprehensive Information
System.
18
According to the database, 15,150 people passed
mungwa
(that is,
daegwa
) in total, during the entire period of the Joseon Dynasty. In order to create
a measure for the pre-colonial elite presence in each region, we first identified the
district from which each
mungwa
passer originated. Out of the 15,150 exam passers,
matching records with residential information were identified for 6,193 individuals.
We then matched each location of residence to the 1930 census administrative
units, which allowed us successfully to determine the administrative unit for 6,178
of the 6,193 passers. It is worth noting that missing residence data do not bias our
results. Residence information was rarely recorded in the early Joseon period, and
only from the eighteenth century onwards was residential information systemically
recorded for all
mungwa
passers. Next, we aggregated the number of all
mungwa
passers located in each district. Finally, we re-scaled that
mungwa
passer measure
according to population, dividing the figure by thousands of residents in each
district for each year available in the data.
19
In doing so, we avoid using the variable
simply to capture the regional population effect on the literacy rate.
Table 1 shows that at the provincial level, the mean number of
mungwa
passers
per 1,000 people is 0.398, and at the district level, 0.222; Gyeonggi province has the
highest number of
mungwa
passers with 2.115 per 1,000 people, while Hwanghae
15
Kim,
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: