COLONIZATION AND EDUCATION
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In our empirical analysis, we introduce novel data from Joseon’s historical court
examination archives, colonial education records, and census records going back to
1930. By 1930, about halfway through the colonization period between 1910 and
1945, there was an especially rapid expansion of public primary schools aiming at
influencing the colonial subjects.
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It is also noteworthy that Japanese rule in Korea
was relatively stable by 1930, indicating that Japanese policies in Korea were not
tightly linked to external factors such as the imperial wars that marked Korean
history before 1910 and after 1937. Furthermore, 1930 is also the first and only
year when a public census was carried out on literacy in Korea as a colony; the
next census on literacy came in 1960, after the country’s independence in 1945.
Our main findings suggest that variation in the literacy rate by 1930 is strongly
correlated with the historical presence of
mungwa
passers. While higher literacy
rates in regions with a greater presence of pre-colonial elites may reflect a
concentration of exam passers’ descendants who benefited from studious family
upbringings, we also find that regions with a stronger presence of elites had a greater
number of Korean teachers, as well as more private schools that were established as
alternatives to the colonial public schools. Our analysis shows that the effect of pre-
colonial elites remains robust after considering various historical factors that might
have affected both the presence of
mungwa
passers and the long-term literacy rate.
The remainder of the article is structured as follows. The next section presents
a brief background of the class system in Joseon and a timeline of the country’s
transition from the Joseon Dynasty to a Japanese colony. Section II describes
the construction of our main variables and controls. Section III discusses various
empirical strategies, followed by the presentation of the main findings and
robustness checks in sections IV and V. Section VI provides further discussion
of the role played by the educated elites in shaping literacy rates, and section VII
concludes.
I.
Background
In theory, noble status in Korea during the Joseon Dynasty, between 1392 and
1897, was determined largely by scholarship, and the primary status qualification
for the upper class was attained by passing court exams. The upper social class
in Joseon was called
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