International Journal of Regional Development issn 2373-9851 2018

International Journal of Regional Development 
ISSN 2373-9851 
2018
 
51 
There are some changes made to catch up with individual entrepreneurs whose ventures are 
still at initial stage. This dimension was also tested and validated by (Taatila et al., 2012, 
Langkamp Bolton and Lane, 2012) at the individual level of entrepreneur which claimed that 
the measurement instruments are useful to individuals who want to assess the strength of their 
orientation toward entrepreneurship.
4.3.3 Independent Variables
By using (Yoo et al., 2011, Sharma, 2010)construct for measuring individual culture values, 5 
items measured power distance( example “People in lower positions should not disagree with 
decisions by people in higher position”) , 4 items measured uncertainty avoidance ( i.e. “it
is important to have instructions spelled out in detail so that I always know what I am 
expected to do”), which had one item deleted because it failed to meet face validity 
requirements. 5 items measured individualism (“I would rather depend on myself than 
others”), in which also one item was deleted as it failed to meet face validity requirements-. 
All variables tested using 7-point Likert scale from 1: strongly disagree to 7: strongly agree. 
The dimensions scale was also re-measured and re-validated b (Mazanec et al., 2015) and 
proved to be reasonable and reliable means of measuring culture at the societal level. And it 
was used in Thailand by (Prasongsukarn, 2009) which again exhibited suitable reliability and 
validity to be used in Thailand for the reason of cultural assessment at the individual level. 
4.3.4 Control Variables 
We controlled the effect of four covariates that were believed to influence the outcome 
predicted. The prior studies suggested demographic variables such as age, experience, 
education and gender to have a direct impact on the one to decide on activities (Altinay and 
Wang, 2011, Chang et al., 2012, Gielnik et al., 2012, Gupta et al., 2014).
4.4 Theoretical Model 
First, the model predicted a direct relationship between culture and entrepreneurial 
opportunities exploitation. With the suggestion that the construct and dimension level effect 
of culture enhance the likelihood of entrepreneurs to exploit opportunities. Secondly, it 
depicts that the culture is an antecedent of entrepreneurial proactive behaviour. The dotted 
line box means a construct level effect of the culture that originated from the three 
sub-dimensions. The arrows which point to each dimension depicts that the dimensions 
through each have a distinct role determine the effect of culture collectively. Then 
hypothesis section offerings further theoretical support regarding the causal relationship 
between culture and proactiveness. Lastly, it proposes mediation effect of proactiveness 
behaviour.