Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

Morphological features
. As to their word-building structure adverbs may 
be non-derived, or simple (
e.g. here, there, now, then, so, quick, why, how, where, 
when, very, rather
) and derived (
e.g. slowly, sideways, clockwise, homewards, 
away, ahead, apart, across
). We can also distinguish composite forms and phrasal 
forms of the adverb: 
sometimes, nowhere, anyhow; at least, at most, at last, to and 
fro, upside down
. A prolific source of adverbs is the adjective: many 
–ly
adverbs 
are transformationally related to respective adjectives. The suffix 
–ly
is a typical 
marker of the adverb. However, many adverbs related to adjectives may not be 
necessarily used with the suffix 
–ly
, 
e.g. fast, late, hard, high, clean, clear, close, 
loud, tight, firm, quick, right, sharp, slow, wide, etc.
Special mention should be made of preposition-adverb like elements which 
form a semantic blend with verbs: 
to give up, to give in, to give out, to give away, 
to give over, etc; to set up, to set in, to set forth, to set down, etc.; to get on, to get 
off, to get through, to get about ,
etc. The verb-adverb combination goes by several 
names: two-part verbs, composite verbs, phrasal verbs. The verbs in such 
combinations are mostly one-syllable words; the most common adverbs are those 
denoting place
, e.g. in, out, on, off, over, up, down, through, etc.
Some of the 
adverbs may be separated by objective complements, 
e.g. Please hand in your 
papers. vs. Please hand your papers in
. Others are non-separable, 
e.g. John called 
on me. vs. *John called me on.
In verb-adverb combinations the second element may:
a) retain its adverbial properties of showing direction 
(e.g. to go out, to go 
in, to go away)
;
b) change the aspect of the verb, i.e. mark the completeness of the process 
(e.g. to eat – to eat up; to stand – to stand up; to sit – to sit down; to lie – to lie 
down; to shave – to shave off; to speak – to speak out)
;

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c) intensify the meaning of the process 
(e.g. to end – to end up; to finish – to 
finish up (off); to cut – to cut off; to talk – to talk away)
;
d) lose its lexical meaning and form an integral whole, a set expression 
(e.g. 
to fall out ‘to quarrel’; to give in ‘to surrender’; to come off ‘to take place’; to 
leave off ‘to stop’; to boil down ‘to be reduced in quantity’).
These combinations have been treated by different scholars in different 
ways. Some scholars have treated the second element as a variety of adverbs, as 
preposition-like adverbs (A. Smirnitsky, 1959, 376), as a special kind of adverb 
called adverbial postpositon (I. E. Anichkov, 1947), as postverbial particles (L. 
Kivim
д
gi et al., 1968: 35), as a special kind of form-word called postpositive (N. 
N. Amosova, 1963: 134), a postfix or postpositive affix (Y. Zhluktenko, 1954), a 
separate part of speech called postposition (B.A. Ilyish, 1948: 243 – 5). As for B. 
Ilyish, he later (1971:148) changed his view arguing that, since the second element 
does not indicate the circumstances in which the process takes place, the whole 
construction is a phraseological unit: the whole has a meaning different from the 
meanings of the components. According to M. Blokh, these elements form a 
special functional set of particles based on their functional character. He suggests 
the term “post-positives”.
The great variety of interpretations shows the complexity of the problem. 
Apparently, the problem requires further research.