THE COSTS ADD UP
It bears repeating that
there is nothing inherently wrong with multitasking.
It’s
entirely possible to multitask, especially when it comes to the habitual tasks in our work
and life. But it’s important to make a distinction between shifting our attention and
multitasking. Multitasking means concurrently trying to focus on more than one thing at
a time. Shifting our attention is the movement of our attentional spotlight (or our
attentional space) from one task to another. Shifting attention throughout the day is
necessary; if we focused on just one thing all day long, no matter how important it was,
we probably wouldn’t have a job. Still, too much shifting can be dangerous, especially
when we’re surrounded by more novel objects and distractions than our brain is capable
of handling.
While slipping into autopilot mode is the largest cost of attention overflow, there are
other disadvantages as well. For starters, letting your attentional space overflow affects
your memory. You may have noticed that when you watch TV or a movie with your
phone by your side, yo
u recall much less of what you’ve seen. In fact, I’ve noticed that
as I’ve allowed more devices into my life, I remember less in general. Technology
speeds up time by tempting us in each moment to fill our attention to the brim. This
leads us to remember less, because it is only when we pay attention to something that
our brain actively encodes it into memory.
*
When we make our attentional space juggle too many tasks, we fail to notice and
remember the details of our most important work. When we multitask, we even process
our work with
an entirely different part of our brain
. Take studying as an example. As
Russell Poldrack, a psychology professor at Stanford, explained to me, “When we learn
while we mul
titask, we rely more heavily on the basal ganglia, a brain system that’s
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involved in the learning of skills and habits.” However, “when we encode information in
a more focused state, we rely more heavily on our brain’s hippocampus—which actually
lets us st
ore and recall the information.”
What use is our time if not to create memories
—of conversations, meals, vacations,
and other experiences? When we fail to focus deeply on any one thing, we focus
instead only on the “highlights” of what we’re doing and, as a consequence, later forget
how we spent our time. Letting our attention overflow makes our actions less
meaningful, because we don’t remember how we spent our time in the first place. This
affects our productivity in the long run: we make more mistakes be
cause we don’t
properly encode the lessons we learned the first time we messed up. We also
accumulate less knowledge, which, when we do knowledge work for a living, sets us
back in the long run.
Constantly shifting our attentional spotlight to focus on one thing and then another
and then another not only prevents the formation of memories but also undermines our
productivity. Research shows that the more often we fill our attention to the brim, the
longer it takes us to switch between tasks, the less we’re able to filter out irrelevant
information on the fly, and the poorer we become at suppressing the urge to switch
between tasks in the first place.
As I mentioned back in chapter 0, when we’re working in front of a computer—a
device that’s obviously chock full of novel things to focus on—on average, we work for
just
forty seconds
before we’re either interrupted or distracted (or in other words,
interrupt ourselves). This number becomes even more concerning when you consider
the fact that our phone is by our side and interrupting us as well. Needless to say, our
best work happens beyond this forty-second mark
—nearly every single important task
takes more than forty seconds of focused attention to do well.
*
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On top of the obvious productivity toll of
continually interrupting ourselves, we’re
also not that good at shifting our attention.
Even when our attentional space is
relatively clear and focused on just one
task, there are deep costs associated with
switching quickly to another. According to
Sophie Leroy, a professor of
organizational behavior at the University
of Washington, it’s not possible for us to
seamlessly switch attention from one task
to another. Leroy coined the term
“attention residue” to describe the
fragments of the previous task that remain
in our attentional space after we shift to
another activity: “It could be that you’re
sitting in a meeting and your mind keeps
going to a project you were working on right before the meeting, or something you
anticipate
doing right after the meeting. It’s having that divided attention, where part of
your brain is thinking about those other ongoing projects that you have. This is what
makes it so difficult to devote yourself to what you’re supposed to be doing in the
pres
ent.” This attention residue keeps our mind continuing to evaluate, problem-solve,
reflect, and ruminate about a previous task long after we’ve transitioned to the next.
I
’ve devoted an entire chapter later in the book to
dealing with these distractions and interruptions, but
here’s a quick tip: one of the best things you can do for
your productivity is launch the settings app on your
phone and scroll through the notification settings for
each app. Shut off all the ones that aren’t absolutely
necessary. Do the same on your computer and tablet if
you frequently find your focus derailed as you use
these devices. Which interruptions are truly important,
and which are preventing you from getting past this
forty-
second mark? Most of them aren’t worth it—this is
why I’ve deleted email on my phone entirely.
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Switching becomes easier only once we finish a task
—especially when time
pressure,
like a deadline, motivates us to get the task done. “By contrast,” Leroy
explains, “if you work on something and you don’t really have to rush, but you get it
done, your brain can keep thinking about ‘What else should I have done?’ or ‘Is there
another way
to do this task?’ or ‘Maybe I could have done better.’ Even though the task
is completed, it’s hard for your brain to get closure in general.” Since our brain is no
longer motivated to complete these loose-
deadline tasks, Leroy found that “the mental
acti
vation of the goal [diminishes].” Time pressure narrows our focus on the task,
restricting us from considering a number of more creative ways to complete it. We don’t
question our approach as much, because we haven’t stepped back to consider the
alternatives. This makes it easier to switch.
All this raises a question: Just how severe is the productivity cost of switching?
Switching does make your work more stimulating, and its costs may be worth bearing if
your work takes only 5 percent longer and you make only the occasional mistake. In
practice, though, the cost is usually much greater. One study found that when we
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continually switch between tasks,
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