Qarshi davlat universiteti xorijiy tillar fakulteti ingliz tili va adabiyoti kafedrasi

 

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GLOSSARY 
 
Term 
Definition 
Enlightenme
nt 
is a period of intellectual ferment in the thirteen American 
colonies in the period 1714–1818, which led to the American 
Revolution, and the creation of the American Republic. Influenced 
by the 18th-century European Enlightenment, and its own 
native American Philosophy, the American Enlightenment applied 
scientific reasoning to politics, science, and religion, promoted 
religious tolerance, and restored literature, the arts, and music as 
important disciplines and professions worthy of study in colleges. 
The "new-model" American style colleges of King's College New 
York (now Columbia University), and the College of Philadelphia 
(now Penn) were founded, Yale College and the College of 
William & Mary were reformed, and a non-denominational moral 
philosophy replaced theology in many college curricula; even 
Puritan colleges such as the College of New Jersey (now 
Princeton) and Harvard reformed their curricula to include natural 
philosophy (science), modern astronomy, and math. The foremost 
representatives of the American Enlightenment included men who 
were presidents of colleges: Puritan religious leaders Jonathan 
Edwards, Thomas Clap, and Ezra Stiles, and Anglican moral 
philosophers Samuel Johnson and William Smith. The leading 
Enlightenment political thinkers 
were John 
Adams, James 
Madison, George Mason, James Wilson, and Alexander Hamilton, 
and polymaths Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. 
Obscurantis
m 
is the practice of deliberately preventing the facts or the full details 
of some matter from becoming known. There are two common 
historical and intellectual denotations toObscurantism: deliberately 
restricting knowledge—opposition to the spread of knowledge, a 
policy of withholding knowledge from the public; and, deliberate 
obscurity—an abstruse style (as in literature andart) characterized 
by deliberate vagueness. The name comes 
from French: obscurantisme, from the Latin obscurans, 
"darkening"