Bioremediation of Agricultural Soils Polluted with Pesticides: a review

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Table 5.
Classification of the most common rodenticides.
Name
Pesticide Class
Chemical Structure
Mode of Action
Chlorophacinone
Organochlorine
Bioengineering 
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Most rodenticides act as anticoagulants that interfere with blood clotting and cause 
death due to excessive bleeding. The rodenticide products are baits in block or paste form 
[52]. The most common rodenticides are summarized in Table 5. 
Table 5. 
Classification of the most common rodenticides. 
Name 
Pesticide Class 
Chemical Structure 
Mode of Action 
Chlorophacinone Organochlorine 
Anticoagulant agent depressing hepatic syn-
thesis of prothrombin and clotting factors VII, 
IX, and X, inducing internal hemorrhage. 
Diphacinone Pyrethroid 
Inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase 
complex 1, which is an essential enzyme for 
activating. 
Bromadiolone Pyrethroid 
Anticoagulant agent depressing hepatic syn-
thesis of prothrombin and clotting factors VII, 
IX, and X, inducing internal hemorrhage. 
Difethialone Pyrethroid 
Anticoagulant agent depressing hepatic syn-
thesis of prothrombin and clotting factors VII, 
IX, and X, inducing internal hemorrhage. 
Strychnine Pyrethroid 
Inhibition of glycine neurotransmitters, as 
glycine and acetylcholine. 
2.2.4. Fungicides 
Fungicides are compounds that kill parasitic fungi or their spores. They permit the 
control of fungal infestations, especially occurring during the whole food supply. Indeed, 
fungicides are widely applied in the agricultural industry. Fungicides interfere with vari-
ous biochemical processes within the fungal cytoplasm and mitochondria. They inhibit 
several enzymes and proteins involved for example in the lipid metabolism, fungal respi-
ration, and production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [53]. 
Table 6 reports information on the most common fungicides. 
Anticoagulant agent depressing
hepatic synthesis of prothrombin
and clotting factors VII, IX, and X,
inducing internal hemorrhage.
Diphacinone
Pyrethroid
Bioengineering 
2021
, 
8
, x FOR PEER REVIEW 
10 of 29 
Most rodenticides act as anticoagulants that interfere with blood clotting and cause 
death due to excessive bleeding. The rodenticide products are baits in block or paste form 
[52]. The most common rodenticides are summarized in Table 5.