Chapter 4:
Munich
In the spring of 1912 I came at last to Munich.
The city itself was as familiar to me as if I had lived for years
within its walls. This is accounted for by my study which at
every step had led me to this metropolis of German art. Not only
has one not seen Germany if one does not know Munichno,
above all, one does not know German art if one has not seen
Munich.
In any case, this period before the War was the happiest and by
far the most contented of my life. Even if my earnings were still
extremely meager, I did not live to be able to paint, but painted
only to be able to secure my livelihood or rather to enable myself
to go on studying. I possessed the conviction that I should some
day, in spite of all obstacles, achieve the goal I had set myself.
And this alone enabled me to bear all other petty cares of daily
existence lightly and without anxiety.
In addition to this, there was the heartfelt love which seized me
for this city more than for any other place that I knew, almost
from the first hour of my sojourn there. A German city! What a
difference from Vienna! I grew sick to my stomach when I even
thought back on this Babylon of races. In addition, the dialect,
much closer to me, which particularly in my contacts with Lower
Bavarians, reminded me of my former childhood. There were a
thousand and more things which were or became inwardly dear
and precious to me. But most of all I was attracted by this
wonderful marriage of primordial power and fine artistic mood,
this single line from the Hofbrauhaus to the Odeon, from the
October Festival to the Pinakothek, etc. If today I am more
attached to this city than to any other spot of earth in this world,
it is partly due to the fact that it is and remains inseparably bound
up with the development of my own life; if even then I achieved
the happiness of a truly inward contentment, it can be attributed
only to the magic which the miraculous residence of the
Wittelsbachs exerts on every man who is blessed, not only with a
calculating mind but with a feeling soul.
What attracted me most aside from my professional work was,
here again, the study of the political events of the day, among
them particularly the occurrences in the field of foreign affairs. I
came to these latter indirectly through the German alliance policy
which from my Austrian days I considered absolutely mistaken.
However, the full extent of this selfdeception on the part of the
Reich had not been clear to me in Vienna. In those days I was
inclined to assumeor perhaps I merely talked myself into it as an
excusethat Berlin perhaps knew how weak and unreliable the
ally would be in reality, yet, for more or less mysterious reasons,
held back this knowledge in order to bolster up an alliance policy
which after all Bismarck himself had founded and the sudden
cessation of which could not be desirable, if for no other reason
lest the lurking foreigner be alarmed in any way, or the
shopkeeper at home be worried.
To be sure, my associations, particularly among the people itself,
soon made me see to my horror that this belief was false. To my
amazement I could not help seeing everywhere that even in
otherwise wellinformed circles there was not the slightest
glimmer of knowledge concerning the nature of the Habsburg
monarchy. Particularly the common people were caught in the
mad idea that the ally could be regarded as a serious power
which in the hour of need would surely rise to the situation.
Among the masses the monarchy was still regarded as a '
German' state on which we could count. They were of the
opinion that there, too, the power could be measured by the
millions as in Germany itself, and completely forgot that, in the
first place: Austria had long ceased to be a German state; and in
the second place: the internal conditions of this Empire were
from hour to hour moving closer to disintegration.
I had come to know this state formation better than the socalled
official 'diplomats,' who blindly, as almost always, rushed
headlong toward catastrophe; for the mood of the people was
always a mere discharge of what was funneled into public
opinion from above. But the people on top made a cult of the
'ally,' as if it were the Golden Calf. They hoped to replace by
cordiality what was lacking in honesty. And words were always
taken for coin of the realm.
Even in Vienna I had been seized with anger when I reflected on
the disparity appearing from time to time between the speeches
of the official statesmen and the content of the Viennese press.
And yet Vienna, in appearance at least, was still a German city.
How different it was if you left Vienna, or rather German
Austria, and went to the Slavic provinces of the Empire ! You
had only to take up the Prague newspapers to find out what they
thought of the whole exalted hocuspocus of the Triple Alliance.
There there was nothing but bitter scorn and mockery for this
'masterpiece of statecraft.' In the midst of peace, with both
emperors pressing kisses of friendship on each other's foreheads,
the Czechs made no secret of the fact that this alliance would be
done for on the day when an attempt should be made to translate
it from the moonbeams of the Nibelungen ideal into practical
reality.
What excitement seized these same people several years later
when the time finally came for the alliances to show their worth
and Italy leapt out of the triple pact, leaving her two comrades in
the lurch, and in the end even becoming their enemy ! That
anyone even for a moment should have dared to believe in the
possibility of such a miracleto wit, the mirade that Italy would
fight side by side with Austriacould be nothing but
incomprehensible to anyone who was not stricken with
diplomatic blindness. But in Austria things were not a hair's
breadth different.
In Austria the only exponents of the alliance idea were the
Habsburgs and the Germans. The Habsburgs, out of calculation
and compulsion; the Germans, from good faith and political
stupidity. From good faith, for they thought that by the Triple
Alliance they were performing a great service for the German
Reich itself, helping to strengthen and secure it; from political
stupidity, because neither did the firstmentioned occur, but on
the contrary, they thereby helped to chain the Reich to the corpse
of a state which would inevitably drag them both into the abyss,
and above all because they themselves, solely by virtue of this
alliance, fell more and more a prey to deGermanization. For by
the alliance with the Reich, the Habsburgs thought they could be
secure against any interference from this side, which
unfortunately was the case, and thus they were able far more
easily and safely to carry through their internal policy of slowly
eliminating Germanism. Not only that in view of our wellknown
' objectivity' they had no need to fear any intervention on the part
of the Reich government, but, by pointing to the alliance, they
could also silence any embarrassing voice among the Austrian
Germans which might rise in German quarters against
Slavization of an excessively disgraceful character.
For what was the German in Austria to do if the Germans of the
Reich recognized and expressed confidence in the Habsburg
government? Should he offer resistance and be branded by the
entire German public as a traitor to his own nationality? When
for decades he had been making the most enormous sacrifices
precisely for his nationality!
But what value did this alliance have, once Germanism had been
exterminated in the Habsburg monarchy? Wasn't the value of the
Triple Alliance for Germany positively dependent on the
preservation of German predominance in Austria? Or did they
really believe that they could live in an alliance with a
SlavicHabsburg Empire?
The attitude of official German diplomacy and of all public
opinion toward the internal Austrian problem of nationalities was
beyond stupidity, it was positively insane ! They banked on an
alliance, made the future and security of a people of seventy
millions dependent on itand looked on while the sole basis for
this alliance was from year to year, inexorably and by plan, being
destroyed in the partnernation. The day was bound to come
when a ' treaty ' with Viennese diplomacy would remain, but the
aid of an allied empire would be lost.
With Italy this was the case from the very beginning.
If people in Germany had only studied history a little more
clearly, and gone into the psycholog of nations, they would not
have been able to suppose even for an hour that the Quirinal and
the Vienna Hofburg would ever stand together n a common
fighting front. Sooner would Italy have turned into a volcano
than a government have dared to send even a single Italian to the
battlefield for the fanatically hated Habsburg state, except as an
enemy. More than once in Vienna I saw outbursts of the
passionate contempt and bottomless hatred with which the Italian
was ' devoted ' to the Austrian state. The sins of the House of
Habsburg against Italian freedom and independence in the course
of the centuries was too great to be forgotten, even if the will to
forget them had been present. And it was not present; neither in
the people nor in the Italian government. For Italy there were
therefore two possibilities for relations with Austna: either
alliance or war.
By choosing the first, the Italians were able to prepare,
undisturbed, for the second.
Especially since the relation of Austria to Russia had begun to
drive closer and closer to a military clash, the German alliance
policy was as senseless as it was dangerous.
This was a classic case, bearing witness to the absence of any
broad and correct line of thinking.
Why, then, was an alliance concluded? Only in order better to
guard the future of the Reich than, reduced to her own resources,
she would have been in a position to do. And this future of the
Reich was nothing other than the question of preserving the
German people's possibility of existence.
Therefore the question could be formulated only as follows:
What form must the life of the German nation assume in the
tangible future, and how can this development be provided with
the necessary foundations and the required security within the
framework of general European relation of forces?
A clear examination of the premises for foreign activity on the
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