self-acceptance.
unconditioned response (UR) in classical
conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring
response to the unconditioned stimulus (US),
such as salivation when food is in the mouth,
unconditioned stim ulus (US) in classical
conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—
naturally and automatically— triggers a
response.
unconscious according to Freud, a reservoir
o f mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings,
and memories. According to contemporary
psychologists, information processing o f
which w e are unaware.
V
validity the extent to which a test measures
or predicts what it is supposed to. (See also
content validity and predictive validity).
variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning,
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces
a response at unpredictable time
intervals.
variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning,
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces
a response after an unpredictable number o f
responses.
vestibular sense the sense o f body movement
and position, including the sense o f balance,
visual cliff a laboratory device for testing
depth perception in infants and young animals.
W
wavelength the distance from the peak o f
one light or sound wave to the peak o f the next.
Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the
short blips o f cosmic rays to the long pulses o f
radio transmission.
W eber’s law the principle that, to be perceived
as different, two stimuli must differ by a
constant minimum percentage (rather than a
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constant amount).
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence
test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal)
subtests.
Wernicke’s area controls language reception;
a brain area, usually in the left temporal
lobe, that is involved in language comprehension
and expression.
withdrawal the discomfort and distress that
follow discontinuing the use of an addictive
drug.
working memory a newer understanding
of short-term memory that focuses on conscious,
active processing of incoming auditory
and visual-spatial information, and of information
retrieved from long-term memory.
X
X chromosome the sex chromosome found
in both men and women. Females have two
X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome
from each parent produces a female
child.
Y
Y chromosome the sex chromosome found
only in males. When paired with an X chromosome
from the mother, it produces a male child.
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (threecolor)
theory the theory that the retina contains
three different color receptors—one most
sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—
which, when stimulated in combination, can
produce the perception of any color.
Z
zygote the fertilized egg; it enters a -week
period of rapid cell division and develops into
an embryo.
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