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Satellite Operations and Organization
have a clear, unobstructed view of one satellite (and not necessarily the same
satellite). The MEO-type constellation reduces some of that difficulty because
each satellite covers a much wider piece of the Earth’s surface and remains
in view for much longer periods than do the LEO satellites.
•
Non-GEO satellite monitoring and control philosophy
. As introduced in
Chapter 9, the operator of a non-GEO constellation might not have a contin-
uous link from the SCC to every satellite. (As will be discussed in Section
11.2, the system using intersatellite links like Iridium may allow the SCC
that 100% availability.) Without continuous availability, telemetry could
be collected once per orbit using a few well-located TT&C stations [2].
Control of the satellite could take place as needed, either simultaneously
with monitoring or during a subsequent period of contact. There is the
obvious impact on spacecraft design that the system must operate autono-
mously and record relevant data between downloads to visible TT&C ground
stations. That general approach of onboard data storage helps reduce the
number of TT&C stations. Also, because the satellites presumably are of
the same design, the system need only keep track of unique spacecraft signa-
tures and hardware status through a well-structured database.
•
Simplified on-orbit control
. Considering the preceding factors, the bus system
of a non-GEO satellite might be simpler than its GEO counterpart. That is
in keeping with a desire to reduce the parts count, cost, and complexities
involved with satellite operation. One would hope that such measures do
not reduce reliability or hamper proper identification and correction of faults
(detected or otherwise).
•
Replenishment of satellites
. Operators of LEO constellations have built their
strategies on expecting 5–8 years of satellite life in orbit. One limitation on
lifetime is a need to upgrade and improve the design of the initial constella-
tion. Production and launch schedules involve 1 to 2 years to achieve the
full complement of satellites. Considering that there will be launch or on-orbit
failures, a LEO operator must continue to construct and launch spacecraft
throughout the operating lifetime of the system.
The obvious and subtle differences among non-GEO constellations and net-
works make it extremely hard to generalize on the requirements for TT&C ground
operations. Each system must develop its own unique operation approach. How-
ever, the guidelines presented here should give the reader a basic idea of the factors
involved in this type of effort.
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