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CHAPTER 2 – HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 
74 
In both victorious and vanquished country there was immediate constitutional 
upheaval spearheaded by the army. Greek troops loyal to a revolutionary committee 
formed on Lesbos and Chios on the morrow of the retreat reached Athens on 26 
September 1922. The next day King Constantine abdicated in favour of his son, 
George, and went promptly into exile, dying in Palermo on 11 January 1923
171
. 
George in turn was to leave on 19 December 1923 and see from a Rumanian exile 
his country proclaimed a republic on 25 March 1924
172
. In Turkey Sultan Mehmet 
VI Vahdettin went into exile on 17 November 1922 to expire eventually in San 
Remo on 15 May 1926
173
. His cousin, Abdülmecit, was installed as caliph only, but 
survived the proclamation of a republic on 29 October 1923 for less than six months, 
being forced into exile on 3 March 1924
174
. In both countries there was an outbreak 
of lynch law instanced in the case of Turkey by the unabashed lynching of Ali 
Kemal on 4 November 1922
175
and in the case of Greece by the execution on 28 
November 1922 of six prominent royalists including two former prime ministers and 
a former commander in chief after a travesty of a trial before a so-called 
Extraordinary Revolutionary Court Martial
176
. 
In 1922 it would have been hard to say which of Greece and Turkey suffered from 
greater destitution, disaffection and dissent. But, while neither embarked on a social 
revolution, they were not to follow the same political path. In Turkey Mustafa Kemal 
oversaw the consolidation of single party rule under himself over the sixteen years 
171
Llewellyn Smith, 312-316
172
Miller, 551 
173
Mango, 365 
174
Mango, 395, 406 
175
Mango, 365 
176
Llewellyn Smith, 323-329 

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