Can development occur without concentrating wealth or destroying nature?
As our eco-logical design capacity improves, we could systematically replace industrial with ‘natural’
production processes. The way to create net Positive Development is to re-design industry, agriculture
and construction systems to increase the space, infrastructure and conditions for the essential goods,
services and system self-maintenance functions that can be provided by nature. Ecologically self-
sufficient, regenerative cities would reduce pressure on our diminishing wilderness and at least ‘buy
time’ until we are able to preserve and expand nature reserves as well. This means designing buildings
that serve as bioconversion facilities, produce materials,
and
increase ecosystems and habitats. We
have discussed how built environments can easily be retrofitted to integrate vertical wetlands and
Living Machines, fungi and earthworm bioconversion ‘soil factories’, butterfly and frog breeding
terrariums, or even hamster and fish farms [Box 3]. Such functions have only been applied within
development in tentative, piecemeal ways, but they provide design precedents. For example, the 60L
Building in Melbourne, Australia, which integrates a Living Machine and other eco-design concepts
into a building retrofit, provides a good laboratory for study (despite some minor glitches).
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Perhaps
there are no net positive buildings yet, but they would be just as easy to design as negative ones.
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Even if buildings can be net positive, could whole cities ever be net positive?
Many existing eco-solutions can be applied at the urban, as well as the building, level. For example we
can look at some water-sensitive design strategies that can be easily achieved at the domestic, urban
and regional scales [Box 13].
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But these have not been well integrated with social and economic
functions thus far. This is partly due to urban design and architecture traditions that, in the name of
efficiency, try to minimize the space allocated for each separate function [Chapter 6]. At the urban
scale, design for eco-services could create more interesting and varied urban living environments
and spaces, without increasing the net consumption of land. The integrated, multiple use of spatial
resources in buildings and cities for both social and ecological functions could help avoid the ongoing
sacrifice of environmental amenities and the expansion of urban areas. For example, there are a
range of options for framing space with low-cost organic materials, such as some designs by Shigeru
Ban.
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Likewise, we saw how green space frames can support a wide range of ecological functions in
public streets or parks, such as free standing Green Scaffolding [Box 4].
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By eco-retrofitting urban
parks, streets and buildings to create multiple (biological and social) land uses with reversible, low-
impact structures, we can increase opportunities for food production, social interaction and income
generating activities at the same time. But sustainability will also require that all human systems,
even manufacturing processes, are eventually re-designed to restore, regenerate and improve human
and ecological health in all respects.
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