10
Futures
Thinking
Tools
From predicting the
unpredictable to
expanding
future
options
This chapter looks at some better known futures thinking tools and planning decision aids, such as
roadmapping, futures wheels, mind mapping and scenario planning. These are now complemented by
many computer-aided mapping tools on the internet that can facilitate workshopping and innovation.
1
Here ‘futures tools’ refer to planning aids designed to help us achieve future goals.
They purport to
take into account myriad factors like interdependency, complexity, unknown variables, and multiple
stakeholders’ values and interests. Unlike most environmental management tools, they are geared
primarily towards anticipating and preparing for future
contingencies
. That is, they can help to select
alternative strategies or actions that will avoid or mitigate risks, factors or forces that might impede
progress towards a given goal or project, such as getting a new product on the market or implementing
an organizational agenda.
Many such tools involve
forecasting
future market and scientific forces that
may affect an organization or impede its goals. They set out to predict contingent forces in order to
develop strategies. They help organizations manoeuvre around risks and threats to prepare for, or
negotiate their way through, possible futures. This is despite the recognition that, in any forecasting
methods, there are uncertainties that can alter these predictions and preparations almost beyond
recognition. Thus we could say:
•
Traditional planning tools seek to ‘control the uncontrollable’
•
Assessment tools seek to ‘predict the unpredictable’
•
Life-cycle assessment tools try to ‘quantify the unquantifiable’
•
Futures tools help us to ‘expect the unexpected’
These tools start from a given playing field and analyse the consequences of available alternative
actions – primarily in terms of negative impacts or risks to the decision-maker.
Strangely enough, we
have done little to mitigate
environmental
risks, such as climate change, in spite of so many available
environmental management, planning and design tools designed to mitigate impacts.
The discourse
in environmental management is now changing towards ‘adaptation’. But this often refers to defensive
design (like flood barriers) – not even mitigation. Thus some futures thinking tools could be said to
166
Positive
Development
be ‘defensive’. A conceptual framework that makes threats and negative impacts seem inevitable also
makes them somehow acceptable, as if they are part of the scenery. Tools applied in a defensive way
can lead to defensive design outcomes. Hence, ironically, these futures tools can work to reinforce
business-as-usual, rather than whole systems re-design. In fact, by focusing on how to achieve a
given goal in a given context, futures tools can also militate against sustainability itself.
Despite major
differences, then, futures thinking tools could be said to reflect the same kind of negative thinking
as the methods we have already visited. Futures tools are not designed to ‘expand future options’ or
carrying
capacity, only to find pathways.
They are thinking aids, but not design tools.
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