Machine Learning: 2 Books in 1: Machine Learning for Beginners, Machine Learning Mathematics. An Introduction Guide to Understand Data Science Through the Business Application

Artificial Intelligence
Human beings or Homo Sapiens, often tout themselves as being the most
superior species to have ever housed the planet Earth, ascribing primarily to
their "intelligence". Even the most complex animal behavior is never
considered as intelligent, however, the simplest of human behavior is
ascribed to intelligence. For example, when a female digger wasp returns
with food to her burrow, she deposits the food on the threshold and checks

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for intruders before carrying her food inside. Sounds like an intelligent
wasp right? But an experiment conducted on these wasps, where the
scientist displaced the food not too far from the entrance of the burrow
while the wasp was inside, revealed that the wasps continued to reiterate the
whole procedure every time the food was moved from its original location.
This experiment concluded that the inability of the wasp to adapt to the
changing circumstances and thereby "intelligence", is noticeably absent in
the wasps. So what is this "human intelligence"? Psychologists characterize
human intelligence as a composite of multiple abilities such as learning
from experiences and being able to adapt accordingly, understanding
abstract concepts, reasoning, problem-solving, use of language and
perception.
The science of developing human-controlled and operated machinery, such
as digital computers or robots, that can mimic human intelligence, adapt to
new inputs and perform tasks like humans is called “Artificial Intelligence”
(AI). Thanks to Hollywood, most people think of robots coming to life and
wreaking havoc on the planet when they hear the words Artificial
Intelligence. But that is far from the truth. The core principle of Artificial
Intelligence is the ability of the AI-powered machines to rationalize (think
like humans) and take actions (mimic human actions) towards fulfilling the
targeted goal. Simply put, Artificial Intelligence is the creation of a machine
that will think and act like humans. The three paramount goals of Artificial
Intelligence are learning, reasoning and perception.
Although the term Artificial Intelligence was coined in 1956, the British
pioneer of Computer Sciences, Alan Mathison Turing, performed
groundbreaking work in the field of Artificial Intelligence, in the mid-20th
century. In 1935, Turing developed an abstract computing machine with a

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scanner and unlimited memory in the form of symbols. The scanner was
capable of moving back and forth through the memory, reading the existing
symbols as well as writing further symbols of the memory. A programming
instruction would dictate the actions of the scanner and be also stored in the
memory. Thus, Turing generated a machine with implicit learning
capabilities that could modify and improve its programming. This concept
is widely known as the universal "Turing Machine" and serves as a basis for
all modern computers. Turing claimed that computers could learn from their
own experience and solve problems using a guiding principle known as
"heuristic problem solving".
In the 1950s, the early AI research was focused on problem-solving and
symbolic methods. By the 1960s, the AI research had a major leap of
interest from "The US Department of Defense”, who started working
towards training computers to mirror human reasoning. In the 1970s, the
“Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency” (DARPA) has successfully
completed its street mapping projects. It might come to you as a surprise,
that DARPA actually produced intelligent personal assistants in 2003, long
before the existence of the famous Siri and Alexa. Needless to say, this
groundbreaking work in the field of AI has paved the way for automation
and reasoning observed in modern-day computers. 
Here are the core human traits that we aspire to mimic in the machines: