Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future

Conclusion
STAGNATION OR SINGULARITY?
I
F EVEN THE MOST FARSIGHTED
founders cannot plan beyond the next 20 to 30 years, is there anything
to say about the very distant future? We don’t know anything specific, but we can make
out the broad contours. Philosopher Nick Bostrom describes four possible patterns for
the future of humanity.
The ancients saw all of history as a neverending alternation between prosperity and
ruin. Only recently have people dared to hope that we might permanently escape
misfortune, and it’s still possible to wonder whether the stability we take for granted will
last.
However, we usually suppress our doubts. Conventional wisdom seems to assume
instead that the whole world will converge toward a plateau of development similar to
the life of the richest countries today. In this scenario, the future will look a lot like the
present.

---

Given the interconnected geography of the contemporary world and the unprecedented
destructive power of modern weaponry, it’s hard not to ask whether a large-scale social
disaster could be contained were it to occur. This is what fuels our fears of the third
possible scenario: a collapse so devastating that we won’t survive it.
The last of the four possibilities is the hardest one to imagine: accelerating takeoff
toward a much better future. The end result of such a breakthrough could take a number
of forms, but any one of them would be so different from the present as to defy
description.

---

Which of the four will it be?
Recurrent collapse seems unlikely: the knowledge underlying civilization is so
widespread today that complete annihilation would be more probable than a long period
of darkness followed by recovery. However, in case of extinction, there is no human
future of any kind to consider.
If we define the future as a time that looks different from the present, then most
people aren’t expecting any future at all; instead, they expect coming decades to bring
more globalization, convergence, and sameness. In this scenario, poorer countries will
catch up to richer countries, and the world as a whole will reach an economic plateau.
But even if a truly globalized plateau were possible, could it last? In the best case,
economic competition would be more intense than ever before for every single person
and firm on the planet.
However, when you add competition to consume scarce resources, it’s hard to see how
a global plateau could last indefinitely. Without new technology to relieve competitive
pressures, stagnation is likely to erupt into conflict. In case of conflict on a global scale,
stagnation collapses into extinction.
That leaves the fourth scenario, in which we create new technology to make a much
better future. The most dramatic version of this outcome is called the Singularity, an
attempt to name the imagined result of new technologies so powerful as to transcend the
current limits of our understanding. Ray Kurzweil, the best-known Singularitarian, starts
from Moore’s law and traces exponential growth trends in dozens of fields, confidently
projecting a future of superhuman artificial intelligence. According to Kurzweil, “the
Singularity is near,” it’s inevitable, and all we have to do is prepare ourselves to accept
it.
But no matter how many trends can be traced, the future won’t happen on its own.
What the Singularity would look like matters less than the stark choice we face today
between the two most likely scenarios: nothing or something. It’s up to us. We cannot
take for granted that the future will be better, and that means we need to work to create it
today.

---

Whether we achieve the Singularity on a cosmic scale is perhaps less important than
whether we seize the unique opportunities we have to do new things in our own working
lives. Everything important to us—the universe, the planet, the country, your company,
your life, and this very moment—is singular.
Our task today is to find singular ways to create the new things that will make the
future not just different, but better—to go from 0 to 1. The essential first step is to think
for yourself. Only by seeing our world anew, as fresh and strange as it was to the
ancients who saw it first, can we both re-create it and preserve it for the future.

---