MARKET EDUCATION
Marketing intervention seeks to influence (i.e. make change to) buyer and
consumer behaviour. Marketing activity is educational when it provides
a public service in identifying and discussing the existence and nature of a
problem. On the other hand, when the intention is to induce purchase by
suggesting a specific solution that favours both parties, marketing activity is
promotional. We are, of course, clear that any other activity that seeks to
favour the supplier over the buyer or consumer
is not really marketing, but
merely a sales pitch.
Examples are to be found in health and medicine. For instance, people
can be familiarized with significant findings from research studies on the
effects of cigarette-smoking or wearing seat belts in cars, etc. However, we
should note that public service is not the same as marketing that is of service
to publics.
The consumer learning curve of a market, from the situation in which no
one is using a product to the desired situation of fully saturated adoption,
can be likened to the familiar product ‘life cycle’. The latter is a managerial
construction for the management (driven or contrived)
of the evolution
of the demand and use of products. The diffusion
of innovations that
transforms ignorance into awareness and then into adoption is a gradual
learning process in which people come to accept the legitimacy of a product,
and then to appreciate its utility and to recognize its value.
For major
innovations to take off, people have to unlearn old value systems and learn
to accept and value a new value system. Once we had no cars, telephones,
televisions, personal computers, CDs, and so on. Now they are ubiquitous
in daily life.
Market education is an attempt to initiate
the early introduction of a
product, to accelerate growth in demand for it, or to postpone maturity and
decline in demand. Often, this attempt to extend the life of a product–market
relationship is the purpose of product and brand repositioning (see chapter
fourteen). Particular strategies are related to the stage in the product life
cycle. Product purchase and consumption are provoked by communicative
interventions in consumer behaviour.
Learning here may be thought of as changing the cognitive links among
concepts attended to by a person. Some advertising research has shown that
these links can be strengthened by repeated claims, creative presentation of
features, and more concrete presentation. Alternatively, new linkages can
be established by reporting previously unknown benefits – often how
pharmaceuticals, for example, are promoted based on clinical trials. Much
learning has, in years gone by, been little more than acculturation – the
process of taking on the values, the experiences, and the biases of those who
preceded us. Today, many technological developments are so substantially
novel and rapid in appearance that acculturation is not sufficient. We have
to deal with an overload of novel possibilities, many of which fundamentally
challenge what we take for granted as the basis of our society and our own
lives within it.
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