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closet drama
, poetic drama written to be read rather than produced. 
Shelley’s tragedy “The Cenci”, Byron’s “Manfred”, and Coleridge’s “Remorse” are among the 
better known plays of this type. 

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Prose in the romantic age 
included essays, literary criticism, jour-nals, and novels. The 
two greatest novelists of the romantic period were Jane Austen (1775-1817) and Sir Walter Scott 
(1771-1832). Their novels drastically differed from each other. Though Jane Austen wrote during 
the height of the period, she remained remarkably unaffected by Romantic literary influences. Her 
plots concerned domestic situations. Austen wrote about middle-class life in small towns and in the 
famous resort city Bath. More than anyone since Fielding, she regarded the novel as a form of art 
which required a close and exacting discipline. The resulting narratives were so inevitable in their 
movement, so precise in their realism, that they gave the impression of ease, but the facility was a 
gift to the reader, exacted from the fundamental brainwork of the author. Her integrity as an artist 
was shown by the fact that she had continued to write and to revise novels even when her work 
seemed unlikely to find acceptance from the publishers. The women in Austen’s novels as “Pride 
and Prejudice”(1813) and “Emma” (1816) are known for their independence and wit. Her novels, 
including “Mansfield Park” (1814), “Persuasion” (1818) are realistic in tone. These later novels 
lack the continuous comedy and the semblance of spontaneity. In compensation, they have a more 
complex portrayal of characters, a more subtle irony, a deeper, warmer-hearted attitude to the 
players of her scene. Jane Austen respected the novel as a great art. In “Northanger Abbey” (1818) 
she had satirized the “terror” novel, and in her own work she substituted her cleverly worked 
realism and comedy. Her letters show how conscious she was of what she was doing, and of her 
own limitations: “I must keep to my own style and go on in my own way; and though I may never 
succeed again in that, I am convinced that I should totally fail in any other”. The complete control 
of her world gives her work a Shakespearian quality, though the world she controlled was smaller. 
She is considered to be more representative of the neoclassical tradition of eighteenth century 
literature than of the Romanticism. Although she received little public recognition during her 
lifetime, Austen is now one of the best-loved English novelists who helped to develop a modern 
novel.
Sir Walter Scott wrote novels of adventure. He was immensely popular during his lifetime 
and is now considered the father of the historical novel. Reflecting the Romantic interest in the past, 
he set many of his novels in old England and Scotland. Scott is considered to be a true product of 
the Romantic Age. Scott’s death in 1832 marked the end of the romantic period.