Automotive Coatings Formulation: Chemistry, Physics und Practices



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Automotive Coatings Formulation Ulrich Poth - Chemistry, Physics und Practices (2008, Vincentz Network) - libgen.li

n = m/M
Component
M
m (example)
wt-‰
8.370
propylene glycol
76
636.12
262.8
2.000
dipropylene glycol
134
268.00
110.7
10.000
terephthalic acid
166
1660.00
685.7
1.105
trimellitic anhydride
192
212.16
87.6
sum
2776.28
1146.9
19.751
water
18
–355.52
–146.9
yield (AN = 57)
2420.76
1000.0
average molecular weight [g/mol]
M
n
3910
acid number [mg KOH/g] 
SZ
57
degree of branching [mol/kg] 
v‘
0.46
OH-number [mg KOH/g] 
OHN
~ 0
Automotive OEM coatings


107
groups takes place via anhydride addition (see Figure 3.5.13) or by partial esterification of poly-
carboxylic acids or a combination of both (see Figure 3.5.14). Diene adducts of unsaturated dicar-
boxylic acids are unsuitable because of the low softening or melting temperatures.
Suitable polyesters for powder primer surfacers have softening temperatures of 80 to 100 °C, 
acid values of 30 to 80 mg KOH/g, and number average molecular weights of between 1500 and 
3000 g/mol. Since the solubility of these polyesters is not important, the polyester may exhibit a 
tendency to crystallise. This tendency raises the softening temperature, but decreases the melt 
viscosity just after softening; both are ideal for promoting flow and levelling during film forming. 
However, the tendency to crystallise may not impair the compatibility of polyesters and epoxy 
resins. Table 3.5.5 shows the composition and characteristics of a typical polyester resin for a 
powder primer surfacer
[101]
.
Crosslinking between the epoxy resin and the polyester containing carboxyl groups is an addition 
reaction between epoxy and carboxyl groups. The underlying principle is given in Figure 3.5.17.
The addition reaction has the advantage of not producing cleavage products that could possibly 
lead to film defects, such as blisters or craters. This is particularly important for thick film layers. 
Analysis of the stoichiometric conditions of the reaction reveals that some side reactions must 
occur. The reaction presented above fails to adequately describe the formation of networks of very 
high molecular weight. It is conceivable that the hydroxyl groups of the epoxy resin, too, react 
with the epoxy groups (self-crosslinking), and that the carboxyl groups of the polyester have a 
catalytic effect. Furthermore, other commonly employed catalysts, metal salts, phosphines, or 
phosphonium salts and especially tertiary amines might affect not only the reaction between the 
carboxyl and the epoxy groups, but also the reaction between the hydroxyl and the epoxy groups. 
The stoving conditions for powder primer surfacers are 160 to 180 °C. Although epoxy resins and 
appropriate polyesters, due to the high glass-transition temperatures, contain building blocks that 
form hard films, the films are surprisingly flexible. The reason for this is surely that the crosslink-
ing reaction leads to wide-meshed, extended molecular networks. 

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