Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia


In the criminal procedure in  Montenegro



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

 
In the criminal procedure in 
Montenegro
and 
Croatia
, the burden of proof is born by the prosecutor who 
has an obligation to prove an accused person guilty. The prosecutor must also prove the pecuniary gain has 
been acquired following this particular crime, the amount of pecuniary gain, and the fact a particular 
instrumentality has been used in commission of crime. Whereas, in applying the extended criminal 
confiscation in these countries, the burden of proof is shifted to a person who is subjected to this procedure. 
For example, in Montenegro, the pecuniary gain may be confiscated from perpetrator, when there are reasons 
to suspect that such pecuniary gain has been acquired following a criminal activity, whereas the perpetrator 
fails to plausibly explain its legitimate source of origin. 
In accordance with Article 78 of the Criminal Code of Croatia, if the person, who is accused of committing 
crimes enlisted in this Article, owns or previously owned a property, which does not correspond to legitimate 
incomes of that person, yet fails to plausibly explain the legitimacy of sources the property has been acquired 
from, it is presumed that such property constitutes the proceeds of crime. 
In the civil forfeiture, which is not based on conviction, applied in 
Slovenia
, the burden of proof lies with 
the prosecutor, who has an obligation to provide facts and evidence raising suspicion of illegitimacy of origin 
of the assets belonging to defendant, or, in other words, has to provide facts and evidence of a clear 
nonconformity between the value of assets and the income, net of taxes and expenses born by the defendant, 
at the time when such assets have been acquired. In assessing the nonconformity, a due consideration should 
be given to the value of all assets, which belong to affiliated persons based on the ownership title and which 
are owned, possessed, used, kept by or transferred to the affiliated persons, or intermingled with their assets 
and transferred to the successors. 
If the assets of illegitimate origin have been transferred to an affiliated person, the plaintiff must provide 
facts and evidence that such transfer has been carried out free of charge or for a price that does not correspond 
to the actual value of assets, whereas, in case of a transfer to a close affiliate or intermediate family member 
– facts and evidence that bring forth the presumption of unjustified transfer of assets. Once the prosecutor 
provides the mentioned facts and evidence, the burden of proof shifts on to the defendant. That said, the 
defendant has to dispose a number of presumptions in a court of civil proceedings. For example, with respect 
to assets, the law presumes that assets have been acquired through an illegitimate source (by criminal means), 
if there is a clear nonconformity found between the value of assets and the income, net of taxes and expenses 
born by the defendant, at the time when such assets have been acquired. 
Moreover, it is presumed that the assets of illegitimate origin are transferred free of charge or for a price that 
does not correspond to the actual value of assets, when they are transferred to a close affiliate or immediate 
family member. Thus, the defender may dispose the presumption of illegitimate origin of assets, subject to 
proving the legitimacy thereof; whereas the presumption of unjustified acquirement is denied by proving the 
actual payment for the value of such assets. 
As per the civil forfeiture procedure, which is based on the provisions of the aforementioned Anti-Mafia 
Law of 

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