Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

Montenegro
establishes that plea agreement is to contain 
also an obligation of the accused person to return the proceeds of crime over a certain period, as well as 
objects subject to confiscation in accordance with the Criminal Code of Montenegro. 
The so called ‘Budva’ case, investigated in Montenegro, can serve as an example of successful application 
of the confiscation arising out of making an agreement in a criminal proceeding. Senior politician was held 
liable under this case due to giving instructions to a number of officials from the municipality of Budva 
Town to enter into a commercial agreement with a particular company. Subject of the agreement was 
construction of 7-storey building, as a result of which the municipality would receive certain area inside the 
building. The accused person instructed officials of the municipality to make sure that the company would 
pay fewer taxes and other payments, and in exchange he would receive a benefit of 2 floors of that building. 
Senior politician, officials from the municipality and the company have been charged with a criminal offence 
for corruption and involvement in organised crime. The politician and the legal entity entered into a plea 
agreement with conditions obliging to return material benefit to the total amount of 19 million euros. 
Decision of the court on approval of the agreement came to force and material benefit had been fully returned 
to the state. 
Confiscation arising out of satisfaction of a civil claim in a criminal case 
In some ACN countries, confiscation can be applied with an aim to secure civil claim in a criminal 
proceeding and compensation of damage to such civil claimant or person the prosecutor ran the civil claim 
on behalf thereof. Such type of confiscation is applied in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Serbia, 


66 
 
Montenegro, Ukraine and a number of other countries. There is no such type of confiscation in Georgia, 
Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and other countries. 
In accordance with Article 163 of the Criminal Procedure Code of 
Armenia
, the court makes decision under 
the civil claim in a criminal case only in its final judgment. Article 360 of the Criminal Procedure Code 
stipulates that, upon passing the judgment, the court is to decide whether the civil claim is to be satisfied, to 
whose benefit and to what extent. That said, the court, upon passing the judgment, checks whether it is 
proven that the property subject to confiscation has been acquired through crime, or use of such property, or 
that the property has been used or planned to be used as instrumentalities of crime, or it has been a subject 
of crime as stipulated in paragraph 7 of Article 215.1 of the Criminal Code of Armenia. The victim, bona 
fide third party or civil claimant may file a civil claim for the purpose of confiscation. The prosecutor may 
also run a civil claim for protection of interests and property of the state. 
Legal system of 

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