Microsoft Word Theoretical Course of English Grammar

Nino Kirvalidze
104
according to logical-semantic types of relationship they can establish between textual 
segments. As a result they offer the following functional-semantic types of conjunctions:
1.
Additives (e.g.: and, in addition, further, etc.); 
2.
Adversative (e.g.: but, however, though, etc.); 
3.
Causal (e.g.: because, consequently, since, as, etc.); 
4.
Temporal (e.g.: then, subsequently, after, before, etc.).
Halliday and Hasan focus on polysemantic nature of frequently used conjunctions, 
such as 
and, since, so, 
etc., whose meaning can be defined on the basis of contextual in-
formation. For instance, we can obtain the wide use of the conjunction 
and 
in the exam-
ples, given below, where the meaning of this conjunction varies according to the linguis-
tic co-text:
1.
“She’s intelligent. And she’s very reliable.” (In this case 
and
has an additive 
meaning.) 
2.
“I’ve lived here for ten years and I’ve never heard of that pub.” (This time 
and
has an adversative meaning and it can be substituted by the conjunc-
tion
but
.) 
3.
“He fell in the river and caught a chill.” (Where
and
has a causal meaning.) 
4.
“I got up and made my breakfast.” (This time 
and
expresses temporal se-
quence.) 
Thus, we have discussed text as a communicative lingual sign of the highest rank. 
We have reviewed the notion of text from two methodological viewpoints – structural 
and functional, focusing on their differential features, as well on the structural types of 
texts. And finally, we concentrated on the grammatical means of text cohesion and the 
mechanisms of their functioning in the text. In connection with this, we have analysed 
such cohesive devices of the English language as anaphoric, cataphoric and exophoric ref-
erences, ellipsis, substitution, and functional-semantic types of conjunctions. With this, 
we have finished our course of lectures in the theory of English grammar.

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Theoretical Course of English Grammar 
Script by prof.