Microsoft Word Theoretical Course of English Grammar

Nino Kirvalidze
99
“
The
schoolmaster was leaving 
the
village, and 
everybody
seemed sorry. 
The
miller at Cresscombe lent 
him
the
small white tilted cart and horse to 
carry 
his
goods to 
the
city of 
his
destination, about twenty miles off, 
such 
a 
vehicle proving of quite sufficient size for 
the
departing teacher’s ef-
fects.” 
In this microtext the italicised items refer. For the text to be coherent , we assume
that
him
in the sentence “lent him the small white tilted cart” is 
the schoolmaster
in-
troduced earlier; likewise, 
his 
destination is the schoolmaster’s destination. Referents for 
him
and 
his
can be confirmed by looking back in the text. The phrase 
such a 
also links 
back to 
the cart
in the previous sentence. The novel opens with 
the
schoolmaster leaving 
the
village. The use of the definite article implies the questions: Which schoolmaster? 
Which village? On the previous page of the novel, the two words AT MARYGREEN
stand alone, so we reasonably assume that Marygreen is the name of the village, and that 
the character is the schoolmaster of that village. All these grammatical and lexical entities 
create text cohesion.
Grammatical means of text cohesion 
In linguistic literature cohesion is defined as the use of explicit linguistic devices to 
signal relations within a text or sentence. Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold a 
text together and give it meaning. There are two main types of cohesion: grammatical and 
lexical. 
Grammatical cohesion of the text is mainly achieved through co-reference, i.e. the 
relationship between the verbal signs designating the same entity in the “world” of the 
text. Co-referential items in English include: personal pronouns (
he, she, it, they
), demon-
stratives (
this, that, these, those
), the definite article and items like - 
such a
.

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Theoretical Course of English Grammar 
Script by prof.