232
Vocabulary Glossary
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Unit 7
�
chapter 1
alternate
/J:lt;)
1
ne1t/ v.
to change or occur in turn repeatedly:
To maintain your focus at work, it
helps to alternate the kinds of
tasks
you are doing.
fad
/fred/ n.
something people like or do for a short period of tirne:
Fads
come
and go with different
generations.
fed up with
/frd AP w10/ phr.
v. to become upset or annoyed, arid wanting a situation to change:
If
you are fed up with your job, perhaps it
is
time for
a
career change.
go overboard
Igou 'ouv;)r,bJ:rd/ phr.
to do too much:
Working hard
is
important, but you shouldn't
go overboard.
loaded with
/
1
I;)ud1d w10/ phr.
v. completely full:
Great poetry
is
loaded with imagery.
portion
/
1
pJ:J;)n/ n.
an amount of food for one person:
Reducing the
size
of your meal portions can
help you
lose
weight.
struggle
/'strAg;)I/ n.
a difficult challenge:
It can be
a
struggle to stay motivated in
a
job you don't
like.
veteran
/'vEt;)r;)n/ n.
someone who has a lot of experience in a particular activity:
Veterans in any
industry can offer their experience to the younger generation.
Chapter2
absorb
/;)b'sJ:b/ v.
to reduce the effect of a sudden (violent) movement:
Boxers move their heads
backwards to absorb the shock of punches.
ache
/e1k/ n.
a continuous, but not sharp, pain: As
you get older,
aches
and pains become more
common.
adapt
/;)'drept/ v.
to gradually change to make suitable for a different purpose:
Many great novels
_
have been adapted for TV and film.
balance
/'brel;)ns/ n.
to keep weight evenly spread out so you do not fall:
Balancing on
a
surfboard
is
not
easy
for beginners.
clear-cut
/khd kAt/ adj.
easy to understand or be certain about, definite:
We all need clear-cut
goals
in life.
gain
/gem/ v.
to get or increase:
The more you practice
a
skill, the more you gain confidence.
persistent
/p;)'s1st;)nt/ adj.
continuing to happen longer than usual or desired:
Malaria
is a
persistent
problem in developing countries.
rush
lrASI v.
to do something too quickly and without enough time to do it carefully or well:
Don't
rush your homework or you might make mistakes.
Vocabulary Glossary
233
Unit 8
Chapter 1
confine
/bn
1
fam/
v.
keep within a certain limit:
It's best to confine your comments to the topic in
hand at office meetings.
distribute
/d1
1
stnbju:t/ v.
to share things within a group:
Charities distribute food and clothing to the
poor during the Christmas period.
duration
/dju're,J�n/ n.
the length of time that something continues:
When you're in
a
movie theater,
you should be quiet for the duration of the film.
expedition
/
1
cks
p
1
1
d1J�n/ n.
a long arid carefully organized journey to a dangerous or unfamiliar
place:
Roald Amundsen led the first
successful
expedition to the South Pole.
exposed
!tk
1
s
p
ouzd/ v.
to have contact with something, either by seeing, smelling, or breathing:
Walking around
most
parks in spring, you're exposed to the
smell
of flowers and sounds of birds.
intense
/m
1
trns/ adj.
having a very strong effect or felt very strongly:
Politicians are always under
intense pressure to fulfil their promises.
mission
/m,J�n/ n.
an important job or task:
A new rover mission to Mars will take place in 2020.
sacrifice
/scekn/a1s/ n.
act of not doing something in order to do something more important:
We all
have to make sacrifices in our lives.
Chapter2
behind schedule
/b1
1
hamd
1
Jcdju:l/ phr.
late:
If you find you're always behind schedule, perhaps you
need to plan better.
devise
/d1
1
va1z/ v.
to plan or invent a new way of doing something:
Scientists are devising new
green technologies
as
we speak.
far-fetched
/fa:
frtfd/
adj.
very unlikely to be true or to happen:
People who tell far-fetched tales are
seldom believed.
innovation
/m�\ve1J�m/ n.
a new idea, method, or invention:
London
is
famous for its innovations in
the design
sector.
primitive
/
p
nm1t1v/ adj.
simple, without modern features that make it better or faster:
Primitive
humans lived in
caves.
principle
/prms1p�l/ n.
a moral rule or believe about what is right or wrong: A/ways stay
true to your
principles.
steer
/st,�r/ v.
to guide or control:
Belief in yourself will help steer you through tough times.
witness
/w,tms/ v.
to see something like a crime or accident happen:
If you witness
a
crime, you
should report it to the police.
234
Vocabulary Glossary
I
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Unit 9
Chapter 1
advocate
/
1
redv�k1t/
n.
a person who publicly supports a person, idea or thing:
Most economists
these days are advocates of free trade.
circumstance
/'s3:bmst�ns/
n.
the conditions that affect a situation, action, or event:
No matter the
circumstances, you should treat others as you expect to be treated.
content
/bn'trnt/ adj.
happy arid satisfied:
You should never be content to accept a bad deal.
dilemma
/d1
1
1Em�/
n.
a situation that is difficult to decide what
fo
do in because all choices seem
equally good or bad:
Life
is
full of dilemmas.
negotiate
/m
1
gouJ1
1
e1t/
v.
to discuss something in order
-
to reach an agreement:
In any business deal,
the parties involved have to negotiate.
self-esteem
/sElf-1
1
sti:m/
n.
the feeling of being satisfied with your own abilities:
Self-esteem is an
important part of happiness.
sibling
/'s1bh1J/
n.
a brother or sister:
A person who doesn't have any siblings is called an only child.
stigma /
1
st1gm�/
n.
a strong feeling in society against a particular ilness or something to be
ashamed of:
In some societies there is a stigma against single mothers.
Chapter2
absent
/reb'srnt/ adj.
not at a place because you are sick or decide not to go:
If you're absent from
work, you might need to have a doctor's note.
hang out
lhrelJ aut/ phr.
v.
spend a lot of time in a particular place or with particular people:
Kids like
to hang out with people with similar interests.
intent
_
ion
/m'trnJ�n/
n.
a plan or desire to do something:
Good intentions don't always lead to
action .
.
presence
/'
p
rEz�ns/ n.
when someone or something is present in a particular place:
The presence
of
C0
2
in the atmosphere is thought to be causing
,
global warming.
priority
.
/
p
ra1
1
ont1/ n.
something that is important and needing attention before anything else:
Getting one's priorities in order is not easy.
sole
/soul/ adj.
the only one:
China is Asia's sole representative on the United Nations Security
Council.
thereby /
1
0E�'ba1/ adv.
with the result that something else happens:
Many businesses use tax
avoidance laws, thereby damaging their country's economy.
transition
/trren'z1J�n/
n.
when something changes from one form or state to another:
The best kind
of writing uses clear transitions to move from one idea to another.
Vocabulary Glossary
235
Unit 10
Chapter 1
distract
/d1
1
stnekt/ v.
to draw attention away from one's focus:
He
has
to study in the library
because he
is
easily distracted by noise.
entail
/m
1
te11/ v.
to involve or include:
Being
a
good athlete entails
a
high level of fitness.
erratic
II'rret1k/ adj.
inconsistent; irregular; without a set schedule or pattern:
Her behavior
has
beef}
erratic lately;
she's
happy one minute and
sad
the next.
pace
/pe1s/ n.
speed; rate of progress:
We could work at
a
quicker pace if everyone cooperates.
perspective
/pd
1
spckt1v/ n.
point of view; the place from which one sees something:
We all have
different perspectives on life.
prestigious
/prt:
1
st1(6ds/ adj.
having a very good reputation:
The
Oscars
are considered the
most
prestigious awards show in the film industry.
reliable
/r1
1
la1dbdl/ adj.
dependable:
Laptops are not considered
as
reliable
as
desktop computers.
supplement
l'sAph
1
mrnt/ v.
to complete or make an addition:
Vegetarians should supplement their
diets with vitamins.
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