Nonetheless, there was an overall decrease.
England has better language schools. On the other
hand, it has worse weather.
(See
Talking about cause and effect
for linking words
connected with results: so,
therefore, consequently, as a
result.)
Describing places and things
Using there and it
You use
There is/There are
to say something exists.
There is
a
school in my village.
There are three shops on my street.
You can use the contraction
There's
but not There're.
There weren't any tall buildings until the 20
th
century.
There have been
a
lot of tourists this summer.
There will be
more accommodation next year.
There will be
a
new transport system.
You use it/they to talk about something that was
mentioned before.
There are some very old houses in my town. They're
made of stone.
There's
a
park in the middle of my street. It's got
a
new playground.
You use
it
before
be:
•
to talk about the weather.
It's very cold in the winter.
•
to talk about time.
It was very late when they arrived.
•
to express your opinions.
It was
a
really beautiful place.
It's going to be
a
very expensive trip.
You can also use
it
with
take.
A: How long does it take to get there?
B: About three hours.
Articles
You use
the
when:
•
it is clear which person or thing you are talking about.
The street's very empty.
The volunteers meet on Sundays.
•
there is only one of these people or things.
I saw the President on TV yesterday.
The moon is very bright tonight.
You use
a/an
when:
•
you have not talked about something before.
I saw a good film yesterday.
We live in an apartment.
•
you say what jobs people do.
My brother's a famous footballer.
I'm training to be a doctor.
Sometimes there is no article before a noun.
She's
...
She's going
...
at work
to work
at home
home
at school, university
to school, university
in bed
to bed
in hospital
to hospital
in prison
to prison
in church
to church
Proper nouns
Proper nouns are nouns that refer to particular named
people, places or things. They are always spelt with a
capital letter.
We spent
a
day in New York and saw the
Statue
of
Liberty.
I saw Jenny on Saturday.
He was born in Poland but later moved to France.
Some proper nouns are used with
the
and others are not.
We call this the zero article.
You use
the
with:
•
deserts, oceans and rivers.
the Gobi Desert, the Nile, the Atlantic (Ocean)
•
named buildings or attractions.
the Pyramids, the Eiffel Tower, the Taj Mahal, the Tate
Gallery
You use zero article with:
•
cities and streets.
San Francisco, Park Street, Seventh Avenue
•
mountains and lakes.
Lake Superior, Mount Everest
•
continents.
Africa, Australia
Countries
You do not use
the
with the names of most countries.
There are some where you do, however, and you need to
remember these. Notice that you use
the
with countries
that are states, kingdoms and republics or with plural
nouns.
Canada, Indonesia, France, Russia, Germany
the USA, the UK, the Maldives, the Netherlands,
the Czech Republic
Grammar guide
-
Comparatives and superlatives
(see page 25)
Comparatives
You use
than
to compare two things.
The rent was
higher
in 2014
than
it was in 2013.
The cottage is
prettier than
the house.
For longer adjectives, you say
more
before the adjective.
The city is
more expensive
than the country.
Superlatives
You use
the
+ adjective +
-est
to say which one is
the most.
The highest
rents were in the North.
It's
the prettiest
house in the street.
For longer adjectives, you say
the most
before the
adjective.
History is
the most interesting
subject.
Adjective
slow
hot
safe
dirty
Comparative
slower
hotter
safer
dirtier
Irregular short adjectives
Superlative
the slowest
the hottest
the safest
the dirtiest
Some adjectives are different from the examples above.
Adjective
bad
good
far
Remember!
Spelling
Comparative
worse
better
further
Superlative
the worst
the best
the furthest
If a short adjective ends with a vowel and a
consonant, you double the consonant.
big
-+
bigger
-+ the
biggest
If an adjective ends in
-y,
you change it to
-I.
happy -+ happier -+ the happiest
-
Grammar guide
less than, the least
You can also make comparisons using:
•
less ... than
...
You can use
less ... than ...
with most
l
onger
adjectives.
Reading books is
less interesting than
playing
computer games.
(Playing computer games is more
interesting than reading books.)
•
the least
...
Why don't you buy these shoes? They're
the least
expensive.
(They' re the cheapest.)
tnot) as ...
as
You use
as ... as ...
to compare people or things that are
similar in some way.
London is
as dirty as
New York.
The airport
was
as crowded as
ever.
I
am
as good as
she
is.
You can make a negative comparison using
�of as ...
as
... or
not so ... as ....
The
rooms
are
not as comfortable as
they
appear
to be.
The food
wasn't
quite
as good as
yesterday.
The palace is
not so old as
I thought.
Modifying adverbs used with comparisons
(see pages 31 and 47)
We often use other words with comparisons to emphasize
or limit any similarity.
Your picture is (not)
exactly
the same as mine.
Your picture is
extremely
similar to mine.
Your picture is
quite
different from mine.
Your picture is
a bit la little
like mine.
Linking words that show similarities and
differences
(see page 31)
We also use words like
as well as
and
too
to show that
things are similar.
Rice is popular in India
as well as
in China.
Rice
is
popular in India and in China,
too.
We use words like
but, except (for)
and
apart from
to
show that things are different.
Most houses in the UK
are
made of brick,
but
blocks of
flats are made of concrete.
The building
was
clean,
except
the bathroom, which
was
very dirty.
Many homes in the UK are made of brick,
apart from
blocks of flats, which are made of concrete.
Describing pictures, graphs and charts
Verbs for describing pictures and graphs
When you talk about a picture or graph, you can use
the verbs
show, illustrate
and
compare
in the present
simple to introduce your description.
This picture
shows
two people.
The diagram
illustrates
the
stages
of the process.
The graph
compares
two things.
Nouns for describing quantities in graphs
and charts
(see page 48)
Percentage, amount, number, proportion
and
quantity
can all be used to describe the quantities shown
in graphs and charts.
Teenagers spend
a
smaller
amount
on buying DVDs
than older people.
The
percentage
of people who watched horror films
decreased.
The
number
of people who prefer comedies
is
very small.
The proportion of people who watched action films
increa.sed.
Verbs and nouns for describing trends
When you describe trends and movements in a graph or
chart, you can use can use
increase, decrease, rise,
fall, drop
as nouns or verbs.
There
has
been
an increase
in interest in wave power.
Interest in wave power
has
increased.
There
was
a rise
in unemployment.
Unemployment
rose
last year.
There
is
likely to be
a fall
in prices.
Prices are likely
to
fall.
We can
see
a drop
in temperature.
We can
see
that the temperature
is
dropping.
Adjectives and adverbs for describing trends
It is common to use adjectives and adverbs like
gradual/
gradually, steady/steadily, sharp/sharply
and
rapid/
rapidly
to give more information about trends in graphs
and charts.
adjective + noun
There
was
a gradual decrease
last year.
There has been
a steady rise
over the past two months.
The graph
shows
a rapid increase
in 2014.
We can see
a sharp fall
in January.
verb + adverb
These figures
have decreased gradually.
The temperature
is rising steadily.
Numbers
increased rapidly
last year.
Imports
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