Understanding Psychology (10th Ed)

Parthenon, 131–132 f
Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement 
schedule, 189
Participant expectations, 53
Participants
experimental research, 42
importance of using representa-
tive, 51 f
informed consent of research, 49–50
pros and cons of college students 
as research, 50 f
random assignment to condi-
tion, 42–43
Passionate (or romantic) love, 605
Patients
communication between health-
care providers and, 493–494 f
compliance by, 493–495, 593–596 f
deinstitutionalization and mental 
health, 570 f
Pavlov’s classical conditioning, 16 f , 
176–177 f , 180
Peers
childhood relationships with, 400
“Fearless Peer” model, 551
People with disabilities. See also
Mental retardation (or intellec-
tual disabilities)
Chris Burke’s contributions as, 278
thought-based interface technol-
ogy helping, 82
Perception
constancy, 130–131
defi nition of, 99
depth, 129–130, 133–134 f
illusions or deceptions of, 131–135
motion, 131
top-down and bottom-up process-
ing, 127–128
Perceptual constancy, 130–131
Perceptual disorders, 525
Perceptual illusions
devil’s tuning fork, 133 f
ESP (extrasensory perception), 135
Müller-Lyer illusion, 133 f
Parthenon example of, 131–132 f
subliminal, 134
visual, 132–134 f
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
automatic division of, 71 f , 72
defi nition of, 72
overview of the, 70, 71 f –72
somatic division of the, 71 f , 72
Peripheral route processing, 580
Peripheral vision, 106
Permissive parents, 401–402 f
Permissiveness with affection, 366
Person-centered therapy, 556–557
Personal fables, 418
Personal stressors, 474, 476 f
Personality
biological and evolutionary 
approaches to, 454–457 f
comparing approaches to, 459 f
defense mechanisms of the, 442–444
defi nition of, 438
fi rst impressions judgment of 
others,’ 451
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory on 
the unconscious, 439–444
gender differences related to,
348–349 f
humanistic approaches, 457–459
id, ego, and superego model of, 
440–441
inherited roots of, 455 f –456
learning approaches to, 451–454
psychodynamic approaches to, 439
psychosexual stages of developing,
441–442
research on neurons and relation-
ship to, 457 f
temperament of, 455–456
trait theory on, 448–451
Personality assessment
behavioral assessment, 466–468
employer personality testing, 
467–468
Implicit Association Test (IAT), 601
The Life Orientation Test-Revised 
quiz for, 463 f
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality 
Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) for,
463–464 f , 465
projective personality tests, 465
psychological tests for, 461–462
Rorschach test (inblots), 465 f –466
self-report measures of, 463–465
Thematic Apperception Test 
(TAT), 466
Personality disorders
antisocial (sociopathic), 529–530
borderline personality dis-
order, 530
defi nition of, 529
narcissistic personality 
disorder, 530
Personality learning approaches
B. F. Skinner’s behaviorist 
approach, 452
evaluating, 454
self-effi cacy, 452
self-esteem, 453 f
situationism and CAPS theory, 
453
social cognitive approaches, 452
Personality psychology
assessing personality, 461–468
biological and evolutionary 
approaches, 454–457 f
comparing approaches, 459 f
defi nition of, 6, 7 f
humanistic approaches, 457–459
learning approaches, 451–454
psychodynamic approaches,
439–446
trait approaches, 448–451
Personality types
hardy, 481–482
research on cancer and, 487
Type A, B, and D, 485–486
Persuasion
central route processing for, 580
changing attitudes through,
579–580
The Need for Cognition quiz, 580 f
peripheral route processing 
for, 580
routes to, 580–581
PET (positron emission tomography),
79, 80 f
Phallic stage, 442
Phenobarbital, 162 f , 167
Phenylketonuria (PKU), 390
Pheromones, 119
Phobias, 178–179
Phobic disorder, 513–514 f
Phonemes, 265
Phonology, 265–266
Physical activity calorie expendi-
tures, 324 f
Physical development
adolescence, 412–420
adulthood, 423–424
average heights and weights dur-
ing childhood, 398 f
childhood, 397
size of head relative to body 
during, 398 f
Physicians
effective communication between 
patients and, 493–494 f
following medical advice of,
492–495
Piaget’s theory of cognitive develop-
ment, 405 f –408
Pineal, 76 f
Pituitary gland
endocrine system and the, 76 f –77
location in the brain, 83 f
PKM-zeta, 220
Place theory of hearing, 116
Placebo, 53
Plateau phase, 359
Pleasure principle, 440
Pons, 81, 83 f
Population
defi nition of, A-14
sample of, A-14
Positive correlation, 39–40 f
Positive reinforcers, 185–186, 187 f
Positive relationship
defi nition of, A-15, 39–40 f
scatterplots showing, A-16
Postal (video game), 202
Posterior pituitary gland, 76 f
Posttraumatic stress disorder. See
PTSD (posttraumatic stress 
disorder)
Power
need for, 326
sexual harassment as motivated 
by, 347
Practical intelligence, 284–285 f , 287 f
Preconscious, 439–440
Predisposition model of schizophre-
nia, 529
Prefrontal lobotomy, 568
Prejudice
brain research on effects of, 600
defi nition of, 598
foundations of, 599–600
measuring, 601
reducing consequences of, 601–602
Premarital sex, 365–367
Premature ejaculation, 374
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
536–537
Prenatal development. See also
Developmental psychology
basics of genetics related to,
386–388
early fetal, 388–389
environmental infl uences, 390–391 f
genetic infl uences on the 
fetus, 389–390
Preoperational stage, 405 f –406
Pressure sense, 120–123
Primacy effect, 215
Primary drives, 310
Primary reinforcers, 185
Priming, 224–225
Principle of conservation, 406, 407 f
Principles of Psychology (James), 16 f
Proactive interference, 234, 235 f
Problem solving
algorithms used for, 248
creativity and, 261
evaluating or judging solu-
tions, 257
generating solutions, 255–257
heuristic strategy for, 248–249
hunches used for, 258
impediments to, 258–260 f
preparation for, 252–255 f
Tower of Hanoi puzzle,
251 f , 252
Problem-focused coping, 480
Problems
different kinds of, 252–254 f
evaluating solutions to, 257
generating solutions to, 255–257
impediments to solving, 258–260
nine-dot, 265 f
representing and organizing, 
254 f –255 f
subgoals dividing parts of, 256
Problems of inducing structure, 252, 
253 f , 254 f
Procedural memory, 215, 216 f
Progesterone, 356
Projective personality tests, 465
Prosocial behavior
altruism, 612
basic steps of helping, 611 f –612
defi nition of, 611
Prototypes, 245, 247 f
Proximity gestalt law, 127 f
Prozac, 565 f , 566
Psychiatric social workers, 545 f
Psychiatrists, 545 f
Psychoactive drugs, 159
Psychoactive substance use dis-
order, 531
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s theory of, 439–444, 
546–547
as treatment approach, 444
Psychoanalysts, 545 f
Psychoanalytic theory
description of, 439–440
perspective of abnormality,
505 f , 506
Psychodynamic perspective
description of, 18, 19
key psychology issues and posi-
tion of, 23 f
on personality, 439
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