Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

Swarm Intelligence
(San Francisco: 
Morgan Kaufmann, 2001), http://www.swarmintelligence.org/SIBook/SI.php. 
52.
Will Knight, "Military Robots to Get Swarm Intelligence," April 25, 2003, 
http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993661. 
53.
Ibid. 
54.
S. R. White et al., "Autonomic Healing of Polymer Composites," 
Nature
409 (February 15, 2001): 
794–97, http://www.autonomic.uiuc.edu/files/NaturePaper.pdf; Kristin Leutwyler, "Self-Healing 
Plastics," ScientificAmerican.com, February 15, 2001, 
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000B307F-C71A-1C5AB882809EC588ED9F. 
55.
Sue Baker, "Predator Missile Launch Test Totally Successful," 
Strategic Affairs
, April 1, 2001, 
http://www.stratmag.com/issueApr-l/page02.htm. 
56.
See the OpenCourseWare course list at http://ocw.mit.edu/index.html. 
57.
Brigitte Bouissou quoted on MIT OpenCourseWare's additional quotes page at 
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Global/AboutOCW/additionalquotes.htm and Eric Bender, "Teach 
Locally, Educate Globally," 
MIT Technology Review
, June 2004, 
http://www.techreview.com/articles/04/06/bender0604.asp?p=1. 
58.
Kurzweil Educational Systems (http://www.Kurzweiledu.com) provides the Kurzweil3000 reading 
system for people with dyslexia. It can read any book to the user while highlighting what is being 
read on a high-resolution image of the page. It incorporates a range of features to improve the 
reading skills of users. 
59.
As quoted by Natasha Vita-More, "Arterati on Ideas," 
http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:QAnJsLcXHXUJ:www.extropy.com/ideas/journal/previous/
1998/02-01.html+Arterati+on+ideas&hl=en and 
http://www.extropy.com/ideas/journal/previous/1998/02-01.html. 
60.
Christine Boese, "The Screen-Age: Our Brains in our Laptops," CNN.com, August 2, 2004. 
61.
Thomas Hobbes, 
Leviathan
(1651). 
62.
Seth Lloyd and Y.Jack Ng, "Black Hole Computers," 
Scientific American
, November 2004. 
63.
Alan M. MacRobert, "The Allen Telescope Array: SETI's Next Big Step," 
Sky & Telescope
, April 
2004, http://skyandtelescope.com/printable/resources/seti/article_256.asp. 
64.
Ibid. 
65.
Ibid. 
66.
C. H. Townes, "At What Wavelength Should We Search for Signals from Extraterrestrial 
Intelligence?" 
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
80 (1983): 1147–51. S. A. 

---

Kingsley in 
The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence in the Optical Spectrum
, vol. 2, S. A. 
Kingsley and G. A. Lemarchand, eds. (1996) Proc. WPIE 2704: 102–16. 
67.
N. S. Kardashev, "Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations," 
Soviet Astronomy
8.2 (1964): 217–20. Summarized in Guillermo A. Lemarchand, "Detectability of Extraterrestrial 
Technological Activities," 
SETIQuest
1:1, pp. 3–13, http://www.coseti.org/lemarch1.htm. 
68.
Frank Drake and Dava Sobel, 
Is Anyone Out There?
(New York: Dell, 1994); Carl Sagan and Frank 
Drake, "The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence," 
Scientific American
(May 1975): 80–89. A 
Drake-equation calculator can be found at 
http://www.activemind.com/Mysterious/Topics/SETI/drake_equation.html. 
69.
Many of the descriptions of the Drake equation express 
f
L
as the fraction of the planet's life during 
which radio transmission takes place, but this should properly be expressed as a fraction of the life 
of the universe, as we don't really care how long that planet has been around; rather, we care about 
the duration of the radio transmissions. 
70.
Seth Shostak provided "an estimate of between 10,000 and one million radio transmitters in the 
galaxy." Marcus Chown, "ET First Contact 'Within 20 Years,' "