Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

Investigative Ophthalmalogy and Visual Science
44.8 (August 2003): 3533–43. 
20.
The FDA approved the Medtronic implant for this purpose in 1997 for only one side of the brain; it 
was approved for both sides of the brain on January 14, 2002. S. Snider, "FDA Approves Expanded 
Use of Brain Implant for Parkinson's Disease," U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 
FDA Talk 
Paper
, January 14, 2002, http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2002/ANS01130.html. The 
most recent versions provide for software upgrades from outside the patient. 
21.
Medtronic also makes an implant for cerebral palsy. See S. Hart, "Brain Implant Quells Tremors," 
ABC News, December 23, 1997, http://nasw.org/users/hart/subhtml/abcnews.html. Also see the 
Medtronic Web site, http://www.medtronic.com. 
22.
Gunther Zeck and Peter Fromherz, "Noninvasive Neuroelectronic Interfacing with Synaptically 
Connected Snail Neurons Immobilized on a Semiconductor Chip," 
Proceedings of the National 
Academy of Sciences
98.18 (August 28, 2001): 10457–62. 
23.
See R. Colin Johnson, "Scientists Activate Neurons with Quantum Dots," 
EE Times
, December 4, 
2001, http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011204S0068. Quantum dots can also be used for 
imaging; see M. Dahan et al., "Diffusion Dynamics of Glycine Receptors Revealed by Single-
Quantum Dot Tracking," 
Science
302.5644 (October 17, 2003): 442–45; J. K. Jaiswal and S. M. 
Simon, "Potentials and Pitfalls of Fluorescent Quantum Dots for Biological Imaging," 
Trends in 
Cell Biology
14.9 (September 2004): 497–504. 
24.
S. Shoham et al., "Motor-Cortical Activity in Tetraplegics," 
Nature
413.6858 (October 25, 2001): 
793. For the University of Utah news release, see "An Early Step Toward Helping the Paralyzed 
Walk," October 24, 2001, http://www.utah.edu/news/releases/01/oct/spinal.html. 

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25.
Stephen Hawking's remarks, which were mistranslated by 
Focus
, were quoted in Nick Paton 
Walsh, "Alter Our DNA or Robots Will Take Over, Warns Hawking," 
Observer
, September 2, 
2001, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,545653,00.html. The widely reported 
mistranslation implied that Hawking was warning against developing smarter-than-human machine 
intelligence. In fact, he was advocating that we hasten to close links between biological and 
nonbiological intelligence. Hawking provided the exact quotes to KurzweilAI.net ("Hawking 
Misquoted on Computers Taking Over," September 13,2001, 
http://www.KurzweilAI.net/news/frame.html?main=news_single.html?id%3D495). 
26.
See note 34 in chapter 1. 
27.
One example, Nomad for Military Applications, has been produced by Microvision, a company 
based in Bothell, Washington. See http://www.microvision.com/nomadmilitary/index.html. 
28.
Olga Kharif, "Your Lapel Is Ringing," 
Business Week
, June 21, 2004. 
29.
Laila Weir, "High-Tech Hearing Bypasses Ears," 
Wired News
, September 16, 2004, 
http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,64963,00.html?tw=wn_tophead_4. 
30.
Hypersonic Sound technology, http://www.atcsd.com/tl_hss.html; Audio Spotlight, 
http://www.holosonics.com/technology.html. 
31.
Phillip F. Schewe and Ben Stein, 
American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Physics News
236 
(August 7, 1995), http://www.aip.org/enews/physnews/1995/physnews.236.htm. See also R. Weis 
and P. Fromherz, "Frequency Dependent Signal-Transfer in Neuron-Transistors," 
Physical Review 
E
55 (1997): 877–89. 
32.
See note 18 above. Also see J. O. Winter et al., "Recognition Molecule Directed Interfacing 
Between Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Nerve Cells,"