Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

Catalysis Today
40 (May 14, 1988): 387–95. 
147.
R. Q. Long and R. T. Yang, "Carbon Nanotubes as Superior Sorbent for Dioxin Removal," 
Journal 
of the American Chemical Society
123.9 (2001): 2058–59. 
148.
Robert A. Freitas, Jr. "Death Is an Outrage!" presented at the Fifth AlcorConference on Extreme 
Life Extension, Newport Beach, California, November 16, 2002, 
http://www.rfreitas.com/Nano/DeathIsAnOutrage.htm. 
149.
For example, the fifth annual BIOMEMS conference, June 2003, San Jose, 
http://www.knowledgepress.com/events/11201717.htm. 
150.
First two volumes of a planned four-volume series: Robert A. Freitas Jr., 
Nanomedicine
, vol. I, 
Basic Capabilities
(Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience, 1999); 
Nanomedicine
, vol. IIA, 
Biocompatibility
(Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience, 2003); http://www.nanomedicine.com. 
151.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., "Exploratory Design in Medical Nanotechnology: A Mechanical Artificial 
Red Cell," 
Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Immobilization Biotechnology
26 (1998): 411–
30, http://www.foresight.org.Nanomedicine/Respirocytes.html. 
152.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., "Microbivores: Artificial Mechanical Phagocytes using Digest and Discharge 
Protocol," Zyvex preprint, March 2001, http://www.rfreitas.com/Nano/Microbivores.htm; Robert 
A. Freitas Jr., "Microbivores: Artificial Mechanical Phagocytes," 
Foresight Update
no. 44, March 
31, 2001, pp. 11–13, http://www.imm.org/Reports/Rep025.html; see also microbivore images at the 
Nanomedicine Art Gallery, http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Gallery/ 
Species/Microbivores.html. 
153.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., 
Nanomedicine
, vol. I, 
Basic Capabilities
, section 9.4.2.5 "Nanomechanisms 
for Natation" (Georgetown, Tex.: Landes Bioscience, 1999), pp. 309–12, 
http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/9.4.2.5.htm. 
154.
George Whitesides, "Nanoinspiration: The Once and Future Nanomachine," 
Scientific American
285.3 (September 16,2001): 78–83. 
155.
"According to Einstein's approximation for Brownian motion, after 1 second has elapsed at room 
temperature a fluidic water molecule has, on average, diffused a distance of ~50 microns (~400,000 
molecular diameters) whereas a l-rnicron nanorobot immersed in that same fluid has displaced by 
only ~0.7 microns (only ~0.7 device diameter) during the same time period. Thus Brownian motion 
is at most a minor source of navigational error for motile medical nanorobots," See K. Eric Drexler 
et al., "Many Future Nanomachines: A Rebuttal to Whitesides' Assertion That Mechanical 
Molecular Assemblers Are Not Workable and Not a Concern," a Debate about Assemblers, 
Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, 2001, http://www.imm.org/SciAmDebate2/whitesides.html. 
156.
Tejal A. Desai, "MEMS-Based Technologies for Cellular Encapsulation," 
American Journal of 
Drug Delivery
1.1 (2003): 3–11, abstract available at 
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/expand?pub=infobike://adis/add/2003/00000001/00000001/
art00001. 
157.
As quoted by Douglas Hofstadter in 
Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid
(New York: 
Basic Books, 1979). 
158.
The author runs a company, FATKAT (Financial Accelerating Transactions by Kurzweil Adaptive 
Technologies), which applies computerized pattern recognition to financial data to make stock-
market investment decisions, http://www.FatKat.com. 

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159.
See discussion in chapter 2 on price-performance improvements in computer memory and 
electronics in general. 
160.
Runaway AI refers to a scenario where, as Max More describes, "superintelligent