ULOSA
Beruni y «Hindiston» asa rida ola mning tuzilishi haqida
q a d i m g i h i n d m i f l a r i , a s o t i r l a r i b i l a n q a d i m g i yu n o n l a r n i n g
a s o t i r l a r i n i t a q q o s l a b , b u i k k a l a h a l q n i n g q a d i m i y e ’ t i q o d l a r i d a
71
turli da ra jada o ’xshashlik va yaqinliklar borligini aniqladi . Bu
f i k r
y u n o n l a r v a h i n d l a r n i n g
Z e v s
v a u n i n g a y o l i - G e r a ,
«fa rzandla ri» hisoblan mish Afina , Apollon, Afrodita, He rmes,
Z u h a l - S a t u r n ,
M i r r i h - M a r s ,
M u s h t a r i y - M e r k u r i y
v a
b o s h q a
sa yyo ral arning «tug ’ilish», kelib chiqishiga qa rab aloqador.
L e k i n ,
a y n i
v a q t d a
B e r u n i y
q a d i m g i
h i n d
a s o t i r l a r i -
mi falogi yasida yunon va ru mlikla r e ’tiqodiga o ’xsha ma ydigan,
f a q a t h i n d l a r g a x o s k o s m o g o n i k a q i d a l a r b o r l i g i n i h a m
ko ’rs atgan. Beruni y «Hindiston» as arining «Qutb va unga oid
xaba rlar» deb at algan 22 -bobida bunda y hind afsonasini keltiradi:
«Ba rohi m (Qadimg i hindlar b archa ola ml arni pa ydo qiluvchi oli y
r u h n i , o s m o n l a r m o h i y a t i n i B a r o h i m d e b , b i r s h a x s g a a y l a n t i r i b ,
t u s h u n a d i l a r - F . B . ) o d a m l a r n i v u j u d g a k e l t i r i s h n i i s t a g a n i d a ,
o ’zini , ikkiga bo ’lgan . O’ng tomo nining is mi Viro j va so ’l
to monining is mi Manu bo ’lgan».
2
E ’ t i b o r b e r s a n g i z , q a d i mg i
h i n d l a r b i r i n c h i i n s o n – o d a m a t o o ’ r n i g a i k k i t a o d a mn i n g
i s m i n i a y t a d i l a r . N i m a u c h u n d i r , h i n d m i f a l o g i y a s i d a V i r o j q o l i b
k e t i b ,
E r d a g i
b a r s a
o d a m l a r n i n g
b o b a k a l o n i
M a n u
d e b
hisoblanadi. Manunining ikki o’g ’li bo ’lib, biri Pri yor -bota,
i k k i n c h i s i - c h o ’ l o q p o d s h o h U t t o n a p o d a e k a n . S h u p o d s h o h n i n g
Dhruba is mli o’g ’li bo ’lgan. Dh ruba-o ’g a y onasi to monidan
xo ’rl angani eva ziga «mukofot» t arzida Oli y Tangri unga
o s m o n d a g i b a r c h a y o r i t g i c h l a r n i a y l a n t i r i s h q u d r a t i n i b e r g a n .
Q a d i m g i h i n d l a r d a M a n u y a s h a g a n m i n g y i l l i k m a n v a n t a r a
d e b a t a l a d i . K e y i n g i u z o q d a v r l a r h a m i k k i n c h i , u c h i n c h i ,
to ’rtinchi va h .k ma nv antarala r deb yuritiladi. Hindala r Manuning
ikkinchi o ’g ’li shoh Uttonapodaning o ’g ’li Dhrubani (ya ’ni
1
Ф.Сулаймонова. Шар= ва /арб. Т., 1997 й.
2
Беруний. Щиндистон. Т., «Фан», 1965 й, сащ. 190-191.
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M a n u n i n g n a b i r a s i n i ) q a d i mg i h i n d l a r Q u t b yu l d u z i d e b a t a y d i l a r ,
u o ’z atrofid agi barch a yulduzla rni a ylantiradi, deb tasavv ur
q i l g a n l a r . E r d a n q a r a g a n d a o s m o n d a g i b a r c h a y u l d u z l a r n i v a
yu lduz burjlarini bi r o ’q atrofida a yl antiruvchi Qutb yulduzining
etti o ’rtog ’i bo ’lib, Etti q aroqchi yulduzla r to ’pla midir. Qutb
y u l d u z i n i t u r l i x a l q l a r t u r l i c h a a t a y d i l a r ( K a t t a a y i q v a k i c h i k
a yiq . Qutb yulduzi man a shu Kichik a yiq to ’pla mida . Bu
to ’pla mni Cho ’mich yulduzla ri d eb ha m ata ydilar).
Q a d i m g i h i n d l a r m i f l a r i , a s o t i r l a r i d a b u h a l q n i n g yu k s a k
r i v o j l a n g a n p o e t i k i j o d i , b a d i y - e s t e t i k t a f a k k u r i m a x s u l l a r i d a n
biri bo ’lgan quyi dagi a fso nada ola mning tuzulishi haqidagi
k o s m o g o n i k t a s a v v u r b i l a n b i r g a i l m i h i k m a t s o h i b l a r i - a v l i yo ,
z o h i d l a r n i n g
m a r t a b a s i ,
i z z a t
–hurma ti beniho ya yuksak
bo ’lganini anglash mu mk in. «Hindlarning Suma d attha no mli
podshohi bo’lib ( Bu is mga o ’xshash jug ’rofi y ma nzil- Su manatha
n o m l i p o yt a x t - s h a h a r v a u n i n g a s o s i y s a j d a g o h i , b u t i - s a n a m i
haqida Beruni y boshqa bi r o ’rinda fikr bildiradi.), u yaxshi
a ma llari sababli jann atga kirishga haqli bo ’lgan , lekin bu
dun yodan ko ’chganida badanining ruhidan a jralib qolishiga
ko ’ngli rozi bo ’lma g an. Shunda u Vasshitha is mli rishi -zohidning
oldiga borib , o ’z badanini sevishini va undan ajrashni
ista masligini bildirgan ». (Ya ’ni , bu podshoh na rigi dunyoga
badani bilan birag k et moqchi bo ’lgan) Zohid Vasishtha unga
tuproqdan bo ’lgan b a danini jannatga olib borishi yaxshi
e m a s l i g i n i t u s h u n t i r g a n . P o d s h o h S u n a d a t t h a z o h i d V a s i s h t h a n i n g
a v l o d l a r i , s h o g i r d l a r i g a s h u i l t i m o s b i l a n m u r o j a a t q i l g a n . B u l a r
p o d s h o h n i m a s h a r a q i l i b , y u z i g a t u f l a s h g a n . U n i j a z o l a b , i k k i
qulog ’iga zirak taqilgan cha ndalaga (buzoqqa) a ylantirib
qo ’yganlar. Podshoh shu holatda Vishvo - mitra degan juda kuchli
73
zohidga uchragan . Zohid o ’sha podshoh ning bu holatiga achinib,
(buzoqqa
a ylanish)
sababini
so ’raganida,
u
boshidan
k e c h i r g a n i n i , o r z u , t i l a g i n i a y t i b b e r g a n . S h u n d a z o h i d ( V i s h v o -
mi tra) zohid Vasishthaning va uning avlodlari bo’lgan
zohidlarini , brah ma nlarni o ’z huzuriga chaqirg an. Zohid
Vishvo mit ra brah manla rga qarab: «Men shu yaxshi podshoh
i s t a g i g a
e t i s h i
u c h u n
b o s h q a
o l a m
v a
b o s h q a
j a n n a t
ya sa moq chi man » d eb, os m ondagi janubi y qutbni va janubdagi Etti
q a r o q c h i y u l d u z l a r b u r j i n i y a s a y b o s h l a g a n . F a r i s h t a l a r v a
ularning boshlig ’i Indra bundan qo ’rqishib Vishvo - mitraning
oldiga kelib, bu ishni to ’xtatishini so ’raganlar va podshoh
S u m a d a t t a n i b a d a n i b i l a n j a n n a t g a o l i b b o r a m i z d e b v a ’ d a
berg anlar. Shunda haligi zohid ikkinchi ola m ya sashni to ’xtatgan.
Lekin o ’sha v aqtgacha ishlangani qolave rgan. Beruni y a ytadiki,
o s m o n d a g i s h i m o l i y q u t b b i z c h a E t t i q a r o q c h i - B a n o t u N a ’ s h v a
j a n u b i y q u t b S u h a y l i s m i b i l a n a t a l a d i .
B e r u n i y H i n d l a r n i n g b u a f s o n a s i g a t a n q i d i y k o ’ z b i l a n
q a r a b , h i n d a s t r o n o m i y a o l i m l a r i n i n g s o d d a l i g i u s t i d a n k u l a d i . U ,
hindlarning o ’n to ’rt yulduzni bilgan , t anigan odaml a rining u mri
(ha r o y) o ’n to ’rt kunga uza yadi , degan fikrini ma sh ara qilib,
«Bizda 1020 dan ortiq yulduzla rni tani ydigan oda mla r bor.
B e r u n i y yu l d u z l i o s m o n h a q i d a g i a f s o n a l a r n i h i n d h a l q i n i n g
og ’z aki poetik i jodi, badii y zakovati meval ari sifatida hurmatlab,
u l a r n i n g k e l i b c h i q i s h s a b a b l a r i n i t u s h u n i s h g a h a r a k a t q i l a d i .
M a z k u r t a d q i q o t i m i z d a q u y i d a g i i l m i y x u l o s a l a l a r g a k e l d i k :
1 . Be runi y Hindiston, O’rta Osiyo , Kichik Osi yo va Yaqin
S h a r q h a m d a O v r u p a ( G r e t s i y a , R i m ) h a l q l a r i n i n g q a d i m i y
m a d a n i y a t i v a x a l q p o e t i k i j o d i B o b i l , M i s r , S h u m m e r l a r
( s o m i r i yl a r ) n i n g
q a d i m i y
v a
y a s h i r i n
( e z o t e r i k ,
i l o h i y)
74
b i l i m l a r i d a n
o z i q l a n g a n l i g i n i ,
y u n o n
m i f o l o g i y a s i d a g i
Z e v s
( R i m d a - Y u p i t e r ) ,
G e l i o s ( Q u y o s h ) ,
U r a n
( O s m o n ) ,
M a r s
( M i r r i h , B a h r o m ) , S a t u r n ( Z u h a l ) , A f r o d i t a ( R i m d a - V e n e r a , b i z d a -
Zuhra)k abi s yyoral arga va yulduzlarga sig’inish -sobi ylik,
y u l d u z p a r a s tlikning z a r dushti ylikka kuc hli t a ’ sir ini ko’ r sa tib
b e r a d i . U , q a d i m g i h i n d , y u n o n , y a h u d i y a d i n l a r i d a g i x a l q p o e t i k
i jodini chuqur o ’rganib , ma jusi ylikning ko ’rinishla ridan bo ’lgan
b u t p a r a s t l i k , s a n a m p a r a s t l i k n i n g i l d i z l a r i n i , m o h i y a t i n i o c h i b
b e r a d i .
2 .
B e r u n i y b a r c h a q a d i m i y h a l q l a r n i n g x a l q p o e t i k i j o d i d a
u l a r n i n g
f a l s a f i y ,
e s t e t i k ,
d i n i y ,
a h l o q i y
q a r a s h l a r i
a k s
etganligini, bu qa rashlarning i jtimo i y mohi yatini ochib ko ’rsatadi
va o ’zining fikrla ri, il mi y –na zari y va falsafi y qarashlarini
b i l d i r a d i . B e r u n i y y u n o n v a h i n d m u t a f a k k i r l a r i ( A f l o t u n , S u q r o t ,
Arastu , Epikur, Fisog ’urs (Pifagor), Jolinus (Galen), Buqrot
( G i p p o k r a t ) , S a l i s ( F a l e s ) , S o l o n , G o m e r ( O m i r ) , D i o n i s , Z e v s ,
X e r m i s , B u d h a ( B u d d a ) , V a s u d e v a - K r i s h n a , - N o r o y a n a , V i s h n u ,
V’yo sa , Shiva , Barohi m, Brah magupta , Muso , Ibrohi m, Iso,
Z a r d u s h t ,
M o n i y ,
A f r o s i y o b ,
B i s h t o s f ( G i s h t o s f ) ,
S i yo v u s h ,
K u r u s h
( K i r ) ,
D o r o ,
K a y q u b o d ,
X u s r a v
A n u s h r v o n ,
k a b i
allo mal ar, podshohlar, ma ’budlar, din va il m -fan peshvolarining
f i k r - m u l o h a z a l a r i b i l a n b i z n i v a k e l g u s i a v l o d n i t a n i s h t i r a d i .
3 .
B e r u n i y q a d i m g i h i n d l a r n i n g v e d a l a r v a p u r o n a l a r k a b i
m u q a d d a s k i t o b l a r i d a s a q l a n i b q o l g a n i l m i y v a i l o h i y , e z o t e r i k -
ya shirin bili mlarni chuqur o ’ragnib, ul arda i fodalangan fikrlar,
g ’o yala r, ta ’li motlard a ta rixi y dini y, fals a fi y va estetik –badii y
q a r a s h l a r b i r l a s h i b , x a l q p o e t i k e j o d i n i n g d u r d o n a a s r l a r i g a
a ylanganligini ko ’rsatib be radi.
75
4 .
Qadi mgi hindlarning «Bxag avad -gita » (Qisqa va rianti -
«Gita »), «Mahabhorat », «Rama ya n a » kabi k eng ko ’la mli
e p o s l a r i n i - x a l q d o s t o n l a r i n i c h u q u r o ’ r g a n i b , b u a s a r l a r d a
h i n d l a r n i n g d i n i y - m i f o l o g i k , f a l s a f i y , a h l o q i y v a b a d i i y - e s t e t i k
ta fakkuri du rdonala ri yorqin aks etganligini ko’rsatadi . Bunda
B e r u n i y q a d i mg i h i n d l a r n i n g r u h i y o l a m k u c h - q u d r a t i n i , b u
k u c h - q u d r a t n i n g h a m e z g u l i k k a , h a m y o v u z l i k k a x i z m a t q i l i s h i n i ,
p o d s h o h v a r a i y a t , h o k i mi y a t v a x a l q m u n o s a b a t l a r i d a a d o l a t ,
haqiqat ustuvorligi muhi m aha mi ya tga ega ekanligini ko ’rsatadi.
B u s o h a d a B e r u n i y h i n d p o d s h o h l a r i n i n g t a b i a t i d a g i j a h o l a t v a
takabburlik xalqning tabiatiga ham o ’tgan ligini dalilla ydi.
5 .
B e r u n i y q a d i m g i h i n d l a r n i n g x a l q p o e t i k i j o d i d u r d o n a l a r i d a
b u t u n i n s o n i ya t , m o d d i y b o r l i q , z a m i n o l a m i b i l a n a b a d i y o l a m ,
koinot ola mi , ruhoni y ola ml ar keng aks etganligini ko ’rsatadi va
bu ola mlarni tushunish va tushuntirishda ba ’zi h ind ula molari
mu bolag ’ag a, ba ’z an ha m xa yolga berilganligini t anqid qiladi.
6 .
Beruni y «Avesto» asa rini z ardushti ylikning muqaddas kitobi
ekanligini e ’ti rof etgani holda, dinni ma jusi ylar, mu shriklar dini
deb biladi . Shu bilan birga , Beruni y «Av esto»da ezgul iklar egasi,
y a g o n a
A x u r a - M a z d a
( H u r m u z d )
e k a n l i g i n i ,
b o s h q a
e ’zozlanadigan ma ’b udlar iloh ema s , balki farishtala r ekanligini
ha m e ’tirof qiladi .
7 .
Beruni y «Hindiston» asarining barcha bo ’li mla ri , boblari,
q i s m l a r i d a i l m i y t a h l i l n i b a d i i y - e s t e t i k t a h l i l b i l a n u y g ’ u n h o l d a
t e k s h i r a d i , q a d i m g i h i n d m i f o l o g i y a s i n i n g i j t i m o i y v a b a d i i y
m o h i y a t i n i o c h i b b e r a d i .
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Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |