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Different from English and Russian languages there are five main ways
of word formation in modern Uzbek:
As it is seen from the schemes of word
formation in the compared
languages some similarities and differences can be observed.
The main similarity of forming words is having the way of affixing in
all compared languages. And all of them have the subtypes, such as pefixing,
suffixing and prefix-suffix. For instance, English
prefixes are such particles
that can be prefixed to full words and it is mostly characteristic for forming
verbs. Prefixes can be considered more independent than suffixes in English.
They can be classified according to the nature
of words in which they are
used: prefixes used in notional words and prefixes used in functional words.
Prefixes used in notional words are proper prefixes which are bound
morphemes, e.g.
re- (rewrite).
Prefixes used in
functional words are semi-
bound morphemes because they are met in the language as words, e.g.
over-
(overprotected) (cf. over the book).
Prefixes can be classified according to different principles:
1. Semantic classification:
a) prefixes of negative meaning, such as :
in- (invaluable), non- (non-
morphological), un- (unhappy)
etc.
b) prefixes denoting repetition or
reversal actions, such as:
de- (deregulate),
re- (redo), dis- (disappear).
c) prefixes denoting time, space,
degree relations, such as :
inter-
(international) , hyper- (hypertension), ex- (ex-friend), pre- (pre-reading),
over- (overhead)
etc.
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2. Origin of prefixes can be classified as follows:
a) native (Germanic), such as:
un-, over-, under-
etc.
b) Romanic, such as :
in-, de-, ex-, re-
etc.
c) Greek, such as:
sym-, hyper-
etc.
Besides, there are a lot of borrowed prefixes in English:
Auto-
Demi-
Mono-
Multi-
Semi-
Post-
On the contrary with English prefixes Russian and Uzbek have not any
classifications in prefixes but they also can show negative meaning such as
не-неприятный, недоступный,
or
in Uzbek
но-номаълум, номуносиб
. But
there are many other types of prefixes in Russian and Uzbek languages such
as
с-, не-, сверх-, при-, раз-
for forming words such
спутник, неприятель,
сверхранний, придавать, раздавать.
There is
such verb in Russian which
can combine with almost all prefixes:
Ехать
Говорить
По-ехать
По-говорить
В-ехать
За-говорить
На-ехать
На-говорить
За-ехать
Вы-говорить
До-ехать
Недо-говорить
С-ехать
Вы-ехать
Недо-ехать
Пере-ехать
При-ехать
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