compounds according to Beaudoin and
Ramachandran (reprinted from ref.
1.87
by
kind permission of Elsevier Science Ltd, Kidlington,
U.K.)
As mentioned on p.
14
, the calcium silicates
appear in commercial cements in ‘impure’ form.
These impurities may strongly affect the rate of
reaction and of strength development of the hydrates.
For instance, the addition of 1 per cent of
A12O3 to pure C3S increases the early strength
of the hydrated paste, as shown in
Fig. 1.20
. According
to Verbeck,
1.55
this increase in strength
probably results from activation of the silicate
crystal lattice due to introduction of the alumina
(or magnesia) into the crystal lattice with resultant
activating structural distortions.
159
Fig. 1.20. Development of strength of pure
C3S and C3S with 1 per cent of Al2O3
1.55
The rate of hydration of C2S is also accelerated
by the presence of other compounds in cement
but, within the usual range of the C2S content
in modern Portland cements (up to 30 per
cent) the effect is not large.
The influence of the other major compounds
on the strength development of cement has been
established less clearly. C3A contributes to the
strength of the cement paste at one to three days,
and possibly longer, but causes retrogression at
an advanced age, particularly in cements with a
high C3A or (C3A + C4AF) content. The role of
C3A is still controversial, but is not important
with respect to strength in practice.
The role of C4AF in the development of
strength of cement is also debatable, but there
certainly is no appreciable positive contribution.
It is likely that colloidal hydrated CaO.Fe2O3 is
deposited on the cement grains, thus delaying the
progress of hydration of other compounds.
1.7
From the knowledge of the contribution to
strength of the individual compounds present, it
might be thought possible to predict the strength
of cement on the basis of its compound composition.
This would be in the form of an expression
of the type:
strength =
a
(C3S) +
b
(C2S) +
c
(C3A) +
160
d
(C4AF),
where the symbols in brackets represent the percentage
by mass of the compound, and
a
,
b
, etc.
are constants representing the contribution of 1
per cent of the corresponding compound to the
strength of the hydrated cement paste.
The use of such an expression would make it
easy to forecast, at the time of manufacture, the
strength of cement and would reduce the need for
conventional testing. Such a relation does indeed
exist in laboratory tests using cements prepared
from the pure four main compounds. In practice,
however, the contribution of different compounds
is not simply additive and has been found to depend
on age and on the curing conditions.
All that can be said is that, in general terms,
an increase in the C3S content increases strength
up to 28 days;
1.56 Figure 1.21
shows the 7-day
strength of standard mortars made with cements
of different composition and obtained from different
plants.
1.37
The C2S content has a positive
influence on strength at 5 and 10 years only, and
C3A a positive influence up to 7 or 28 days but a
negative influence later on.
1.56
,
1.57
The influence
of the alkalis is considered on p.
46
. Prediction of
the effects of compounds other than silicates on
strength is unreliable According to Lea,
1.38
these
discrepancies may be due to the presence of glass
in clinker, discussed more fully in the succeeding
section.
161
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