Capillary pores
We can thus see that, at any stage of hydration,
the capillary pores represent that part of the gross
volume which has not been filled by the products
of hydration. Because these products occupy
more than twice the volume of the original solid
phase (i.e. cement) alone, the volume of the capillary
system is reduced with the progress of hydration.
Thus the capillary porosity of the paste depends
both on the water/cement ratio of the mix
and on the degree of hydration. The rate of hydration
of the cement is of no importance
per se
,
but the type of cement influences the degree of
hydration achieved at a given age. As mentioned
before, at water/cement ratios higher than about
0.38, the volume of the gel is not sufficient to fill
all the space available to it so that there will be
some volume of capillary pores left even after the
process of hydration has been completed.
Capillary pores cannot be viewed directly but
their median size was estimated from vapour
pressure measurement to be about 1.3
μ
m. In fact,
the size of pores in hydrated cement paste varies
widely. Glasser’s studies
1.85
indicate that mature
cement pastes contain few pores larger than 1
μ
m, with most pores being smaller than 100 nm.
They vary in shape but, as shown by measurement
141
of permeability, form an interconnected system
randomly distributed throughout the cement
paste.125 These interconnected capillary pores are
mainly responsible for the permeability of the
hardened cement paste and for its vulnerability to
cycles of freezing and thawing.
However, hydration increases the solid content
of the paste and, in mature and dense pastes,
the capillaries can become blocked by gel and
segmented so that they turn into capillary pores
interconnected solely by the gel pores. The absence
of continuous capillaries is due to a combination
of a suitable water/cement ratio and a
sufficiently long period of moist curing; the degree
of maturity required for different water/cement
ratios for ordinary Portland cements is indicated
in
Fig. 1.12
. The actual time to achieve
the required maturity depends on the characteristics
of the cement used, but approximate values
of the time required can be gauged from the data
of
Table 1.6
. For water/cement ratios above about
0.7, even complete hydration would not produce
enough gel to block all the capillaries. For extremely
fine cement, the maximum water/cement
ratio would be higher, possibly up to 1.0; conversely,
for coarse cements, it would be below
0.7. The importance of eliminating continuous
capillaries is such that this might be regarded a
necessary condition for a concrete to be classified
as ‘good’.
142
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