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Timely
. Information must be made available within the time period when it will be relevant (as 
input to a decision, say). 
(e) 
Flexible
. Information should be suited in style and structure to the needs of the parties and 
situation. Assertive, persuasive, supportive and informative communication styles have different 
applications. 
(f) 
Effective in conveying meaning
. Style, format, language and media all contribute to the other 
person's understanding or lack of understanding. If the other person doesn't understand the 
message, or misinterprets it, communication has not been effective. 
(g) 
Cost effective
. In business organisations, all the above must be achieved, as far as possible, at 
reasonable cost.
 
8
Informal communication channels 
Informal communication supplements the formal system. 
The formal pattern of communication in an organisation is 
always
supplemented by an informal one, 
which is sometimes referred to as the 
grapevine
. People like to gossip about rumours and events. 
8.1 The grapevine 
The grapevine has a number of characteristics. 
(a) 
The grapevine acts 
quickly
. 
(b) 
The working of the grapevine is 
selective
: information is not divulged randomly. 
(c) 
The grapevine usually operates 
at the place of work 
and not outside it. 
(d) 
Oddly, the grapevine is most active when the formal communication network is active: the 
grapevine does not fill a gap 
created by an ineffective formal communication system. 
(e) 
Higher-level executives were better communicators 
and better informed than their subordinates.
(f) 
More technostructure executives were in the know about events than line managers (because the 
staff executives are more mobile and get involved with more different functions in their work). 
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