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written
 
communication between members of a small group.
(a) The 
circle
. Each member of the group could communicate with only two others in the group, as 
shown. 
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CHAPTER 18
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PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS AND COMMUNICATION 
 
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(b) The 
chain
A 

B 

C 

D 

E 
Similar to the circle, except that A and E cannot communicate with each other and are therefore 
at both ends of a communication chain.
(c) The 
'Y' 
B
A
C
D
E
(d) The 
wheel 
A
B
D
E
C
In both the 'Y' and the 'wheel' patterns, C occupies a more central position in the network.
In Leavitt's experiment, each member of a group of five people had to solve a problem and each had an 
essential piece of information. Only 
written
communication, channelled according to one of the four 
patterns described above, was allowed. The findings of the experiment are tabulated below. A direct 
trade off between speed and job satisfaction is evident. 
 
Wheel 
Y 
Chain 
Circle 
Speed of problem-solving 
Fastest 
2nd fastest 
3rd fastest 
Slowest 
Leader 
C 
C 
C (less so than
wheel and Y) 
None emerged 
Job satisfaction 
Lowest 
3rd highest 
2nd highest 
Highest(?) 
6.4 Internal information 
Data and 
information 
come from 
sources 
both 
inside 
and 
outside 
an organisation. An organisation's 
information systems should be designed so as to obtain – or
 capture
– all the relevant data and
information required. 
Capturing data and information from inside the organisation involves designing a system for collecting or 
measuring data and information which sets out procedures for: 

What data and information is collected 

How 
frequently 

By 
whom 

By what methods 

How data and information is processed, filed and communicated 
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