76 R. ABDULLAEV,
KHOTAMOV, KENENSARIEV
population’s living standards continued to fall, with the result that discontent
mounted further.
Social and economic conditions plummeted in the wake of Russia’s entry into
World War I, when the tsarist policy of predatory exploitation of the colony turned
into direct plunder. At the start of war officials in Turkestan and Ferghana were
ordered to provide raw materials, foodstuffs, and fuel for the army and industry.
Together, 668,000 tons of cotton, 9,617,000 tons of cottonseed, 3,206,000 tons of
oilseed residues, as well as dehydrated fruit and millions of sheep and cattle were
taken away from Turkestan between 1914 and 1916.
24
Grain deliveries from Rus-
sia, however, were sharply reduced. As a result, famine broke out across Central
Asia and especially in the cotton-producing regions of the Ferghana Valley. Tens
of thousands died of starvation.
This situation was exacerbated by the 100 percent tax increase, instituted in
December 1914, on irrigated land in the Ferghana province.
When the tsarist
government established a low standardized price for requisitioned cotton in the
summer of 1915, cotton producers lost about 60 million rubles in the first year
alone.
25
Not only did the price fall short of the producers’ personal needs, it did
not even cover the cost of planting and harvesting. Rising prices, especially on
essentials, further worsened the situation. For example, between 1915 and 1916
grain prices in Turkestan rose by 300 percent, rice and sugar by 250 percent, cloth
and shoes by 200 percent to 350 percent, and the price of bread quadrupled.
26
Prices
on food and basic goods rose most precipitously in the Ferghana, forcing the entire
population of the Ferghana Valley into abject misery. Skyrocketing prices and the
forced requisitioning of horses, carts, and other items led to large-scale unrest in
the region.
The 1916 Revolt, occurring on the eve of the collapse of tsarism, was the pin-
nacle of the national liberation movement. It was triggered by the imperial decree
of June 25, 1916, “On the Recruitment of Alien Males for Work Behind the Lines,”
which mobilized more than 200,000 men between the ages of nineteen and thirty-
one. Most of these involuntary recruits came from the most populous part of the
region, the Ferghana Valley. The Khujand area was told to mobilize 8,948 men,
including 2,708 from Khujand city alone.
27
This probably explains why the first
wave of the revolt arose in that Ferghana Valley city, on July 3 and 4, 1916. As
news of the events in Khujand fanned quickly across Turkestan, the revolt engulfed
other provinces as well. Both urban and rural populations joined the resistance, as
did workers, craftsmen, members
of the local intelligentsia, and clergymen.
28
On July 9 the rebels killed a district chief and his clerk in Gazy-Yaglyk village
near Kokand. Authorities sent a police squad and twenty-five soldiers to crush the
revolt. The same day, young people in the old quarter of Andijan loudly protested
when a county chief assembled the people and read the tsarist draft call. The rebels
swept into the new section of the city, where they were met by armed police and
Cossacks. The Cossacks opened fire, as the rebels began throwing stones, sticks,
and
ketmens, a local form of pickaxe. Three rebels were killed, 22 wounded, and
COLONIAL RULE AND INDIGENOUS RESPONSE 77
119 participants put on trial. On the morning of July 10 a large crowd in Margilan
prevented the local official from reading the imperial decree. The police attempted
to seal off the crowd, but the people attacked the police with sticks and stones.
One town elder (
aksakal), three irrigation managers (
mirabs), and a city police-
man were killed.
Almost all areas of the Namangan district were engulfed by unrest. In nineteen
villages the rebels beat local administrators and destroyed lists of those being drafted
into the army. The public supported the rebels. A famous Tajik writer, Sadriddin
Aini, wrote of this period: “I spent the summer of 1916 traveling. I visited numer-
ous villages in Bukhara, traveled to Samarkand, Khujand, and to the outskirts of
Ferghana . . . everywhere the population was in sympathy with the rebels. People
prayed for a rebel victory. When the revolt was crushed, they hid the rebels in their
houses and protected them in remote places.”
29
A wave of repressions swept across the Ferghana Valley and the entire region.
Three thousand people were arrested and 347 sentenced to death, of whom 51
were actually executed. Others were imprisoned or sent into exile.
30
The imperial
forces’ military and material supremacy, and the rebels’ lack of an effective plan
and centralized leadership, led to the defeat of the 1916 Revolt. However, the
revolt prepared the ground for further struggle by the local peoples against the
colonial authorities.
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