Club of bologna proceedings



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1998 CoB Vol 09





CLUB OF BOLOGNA 
PROCEEDINGS 
OF THE 9
th
 MEETING 
OF THE FULL MEMBERS 
Bologna 
15
th
-16
st
November 1998
XXVIII EIMA
 
 
Conclusions and Recommendations 
Conclusioni e Raccomandazioni 
 
Session 1 
Soil cultivation: new methods and new technologies 
Session 2 
Official testing and evaluation of tractors and implements: a tool to assist farmers in assessing
performance, safety and environmental factors
Session 3 
Tractor industry in India
 
 
List of participants 
Table of contents 
Edizioni UNACOMA Service s.r.l.
 


2
 
 
 
CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 


3
Sixty-nine 
experts
from 
37
countries
and two 
experts representing international organisations 
(
FAO
and 
OECD
) attended the 9th meeting of 
the Club of Bologna, held under the auspices of 
CIGR on the 15th - 16th November 1998 to 
discuss the following topics: 
1) 
Soil cultivation: new methods and new 
technologies. 
2) 
Official testing and evaluation of 
tractors and implements: a tool to 
assist farmers in assessing
performance, safety and 
environmental factors. 
A brief session was also devoted to the 
Indian 
tractor industry
as preliminary information on a 
subject that will be discussed at the meeting next 
year.
The meeting unanimously agreed the following: 
Conclusions and Recommendations
1. Soil cultivation: new methods and new 
technologies 
This important topic was discussed on the basis 
of keynote papers presented by L. 
Cavazza
(Italy), H.J. 
Heege
(Germany), W.C.T. 
Chamen
(U.K.) and El H. 
Bourarach
(Morocco) representing the research sector and 
by P. 
Celli
(Italy), H. 
Weiste
(Germany) and 
M. 
Hodge
(U.K.) representing the viewpoint of 
agricultural machinery manufacturers. 
The views expressed in the papers reflected the 
different soil and climatic conditions that 
characterise each speaker's region of origin. In 
the opening presentation 
L. Cavazza
discussed 
the wide range of soil tillage systems ranging from 
complex multi-pass systems based on deep soil 
inversion to minimum or zero tillage and direct 
seeding systems. He concluded that with such a 
wide range of mechanised tillage options and 
their crucial interaction with agronomic, soil, 
topographic, climatic and economic factors it was 
not possible to identify a single 'best` system. 
Farmers or operators decisions on the best 
method to use would be based on their 
knowledge of these factors (perhaps through 
expert systems) and on local circumstances at the 
time and would always be strongly influenced by 
their own experience. Some reduced tillage 
systems are useful in erosion control and in 
improving stable soil structure although under 
some conditions a negative effect of low 
germination can occur as a result of poor 
drainage and low soil surface temperatures. He 
indicated that recent evidence suggests that there 
has been a worldwide increase in the area of land 
prepared using minimum or zero tillage 
techniques. Future trends will be influenced by 
developments in genetically modified plants and 
chemical weed and pest control methods that 
reduce environmental pollution to more 
acceptable levels. However the most important 
criteria for the farmer in selecting the most 
appropriate tillage system will continue to be 
labour and equipment costs, as well as the 
agronomic, soil, climatic and other factors 
already mentioned. In heavy clay soils traditional 
use of the plough may well continue to be the 
preferred option. In the context of environmental 
protection public administrators are increasingly 
interested in possible interventions to encourage 
the use of those tillage systems that are beneficial 
to the environment. Although some of the 
alternatives to conventional ploughing can have 
benefits in terms of runoff, soil erosion and 
watercourse pollution restrictive public 
intervention will be difficult until our knowledge of 
the processes involved is improved. 
H.J.
 Heege
addressed a number of the 
underlying reasons for cultivation. In particular he 
discussed the need to adjust soil bulk density and 
soil particle size and distribution for efficient plant 
growth; weed control and crop residue 
management options and the problems of straw 
residue in seeding operations. He indicated that 
there were more than adequate options in tillage 
techniques available for any given weather 
condition but that there was considerable room 


4
for improvement in the precision of weather 
forecasting to enable operators to select the 
appropriate implements and methods for the 
weather conditions. There would be further 
reductions in the use of the plough for mechanical 
weed control due to advances in herbicides and 
genetic engineering. There was a need for greater 
understanding of the relative merits of p.t.o. 
driven and other tined implements in achieving 
appropriate soil bulk density and particle 
distribution and in improving energy efficiency 
with lower tractor wheel slip. Reduced 
acceleration of soil particles to lessen particle 
separation in the case of mounted p.t.o. driven 
tools also needed to be understood better. 
Techniques for handling straw residues left on the 
soil from the previous crop were already 
available including improved seeder designs, 
methods for lifting the straw from the soil during 
the seeding operation and improved straw 
shredders.
W.C.T. 
Chamen
emphasised the importance of 
reducing the unit cost of production whilst 
minimising the environmental impact of 
cultivation. He stressed the importance of 
reducing compaction and energy inputs and of 
adopting a systems approach. Soil compaction 
creates waste in terms of unnecessary energy 
inputs, inefficient water use, crop yield 
depression and causes soil erosion, organic 
matter loss and the production of greenhouse 
gases. Modifications to existing tillage systems 
such as reducing depth of ploughing, increasing 
the implement working width, selecting more 
appropriate tyres and tyre pressures or adopting 
zero tillage where feasible may help. However he 
strongly favoured consideration of the permanent 
separation of cropped and wheeled areas 
through controlled traffic systems based on 
gantry tractors as the most cost effective and 
practical way of addressing compaction and 
environmental impacts whilst reducing the level of 
inputs. The development of appropriate 
knowledge-based decision support systems for 
farmers and operators was also considered to 
have considerable potential. 
Finally El. H.

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