Determining the Product–Service Mix
A natural starting point in designing operations systems is determining the
product–
service mix
. This decision flows from corporate, business, and marketing strategies.
Managers have to make a number of decisions about their products and services, starting
with how many and what kinds to offer.
5
Colgate-Palmolive, for example, makes regular,
tartar control, gel, and various other formulas of Colgate toothpaste and packages them
in several different sizes of tubes, pumps, and other dispensers. Similarly, workers at
Subway sandwich shops can combine different breads, vegetables, meats, and condiments
to create hundreds of different kinds of sandwiches. Decisions also have to be made
regarding the level of quality desired, the optimal cost of each product or service, and
exactly how each is to be designed. GE recently reduced the number of parts in its indus-
trial circuit breakers from 28,000 to 1,275. This whole process was achieved by carefully
analyzing product design and production methods.
Capacity Decisions
The
capacity
decision involves choosing the amount of products, services, or both that can
be produced by the organization. Determining whether to build a factory capable of mak-
ing 8,000 or 10,000 units per day is a capacity decision. So, too, is deciding whether to
build a restaurant with 125 or 175 seats, or a bank with five or ten teller stations. The
capacity decision is truly a high-risk one because of the uncertainties of future product
demand and the large monetary stakes involved. An organization that builds capacity
exceeding its needs may commit resources (capital investment) that will never be recov-
ered. Alternatively, an organization can build a facility with a smaller capacity than prod-
uct demand might actually support. Doing so may result in lost market opportunities, but
it may also free capital resources for use elsewhere in the organization.
A major consideration in determining capacity is demand. A company operating with
fairly constant monthly demand might build a plant capable of producing an amount
each month roughly equivalent to its demand. But if its market is characterized by sea-
sonal fluctuations, building a smaller plant to meet normal demand and then adding
extra shifts staffed with temporary workers or paying permanent workers extra to work
more hours during peak periods might be the most effective choice. Likewise, a restau-
rant that needs 175 seats for Saturday night but never needs more than 125 at any other
time during the week would probably be foolish to expand to 175 seats. During the rest of
the week, it must still pay to light, heat, cool, and clean the excess capacity. Many customer
service departments have tried to improve their capacity to deal with customers while
also lowering costs by using automated voice prompts to direct callers to the right repre-
sentative. As you can see in our “At Your Service” feature, this approach to customer
relationship management isn’t necessarily what a lot of customers have in mind.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: