Compare and contrast the similarities and differences in the composition of tissue
fluid and blood plasma.
Blood plasma and tissue fluid are both mainly composed of water. This is because
water is a small enough molecule to pass through the gaps in the capillary walls and
into the tissue fluid. Blood plasma and tissue fluid differ because blood plasma
contains proteins, while tissue fluid does not. This is because proteins, such as
albumin, are too large to fit between the gaps in the capillary wall and so they remain
in the blood.
8.1.6 The Role of Water in Circulation
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Blood, Tissue Fluid & Lymph
Plasma is a straw-coloured liquid that constitutes around 55% of the blood
Plasma is largely composed of water (95%) and because water is a good solvent, many
substances can dissolve in it, allowing them to be transported around the body
As blood passes through capillaries, some plasma leaks out through gaps in the walls
of the capillary to surround the cells of the body
This results in the formation of tissue fluid
The composition of plasma and tissue fluid are virtually the same, although tissue fluid
contains far fewer proteins
Proteins are too large to fit through gaps in the capillary walls and so remain in the
blood
Tissue fluid bathes almost all the cells of the body outside of the circulatory system
Exchange of substances between cells and the blood occurs via the tissue fluid
For example, carbon dioxide produced in aerobic respiration will leave a cell,
dissolve into the tissue fluid surrounding it, and then diffuse into the capillary
Tissue fluid formation
How much liquid leaves the plasma to form tissue fluid depends on two opposing
forces
When blood is at the arterial end of a capillary, the hydrostatic pressure is great
enough to push molecules out of the capillary
Proteins remain in the blood; the increased protein content creates a water potential
between the capillary and the tissue fluid
However, overall movement of water is out from the capillaries into the tissue fluid
At the venous end of the capillary, less fluid is pushed out of the capillary as pressure
within the capillary is reduced
The water potential gradient between the capillary and the tissue fluid remains the
same as at the arterial end, so water begins to flow back into the capillary from the
tissue fluid
Overall, more fluid leaves the capillary than returns, leaving tissue fluid behind to
bathe cells
If blood pressure is high (hypertension) then the pressure at the arterial end is even
greater
This pushes more fluid out of the capillary and fluid begins to accumulate around
the tissues. This is called oedema
8.1.7 Blood, Tissue Fluid & Lymph
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