The Fractious Eye: On the Evil Eye of Menstruants in Zoroastrian Tradition

 Videvdad
 18.62
–
64
Then Ahura Mazdā said: Well, the whore (
jahi
), O Orderly Zarathustra, 
who mingles the semen of the (religiously) qualified and unqualified, of 
those who sacrifice to the 
daēwas
and those who do not, of those who 
have forfeited their body and those who have not. She causes to stand still 
one-third of the rushing waters flowing in *riverbeds by her looking at 
them, O Zarathustra. She takes away the growth of one-third of the plants 
growing up, beautiful, green, by her looking at them, O Zarathustra. She 
takes away one third of the *wool of Life-giving Humility by her looking 
at them, O Zarathustra. She takes away one-third of the good thoughts 
that the Orderly man has thought more (than others), the good speech he 
has spoken more, the good deeds he has performed more, of his bodily 
strength and obstruction-smashing strength, and of his Orderliness when 
she falls upon him, O Zarathustra.47
This passage describes the destructive powers of a promiscuous woman
 
(
jahi
) 
who sleeps with both righteous and wicked men. Interestingly, as in 
ZFJ
’s dis-
cussion of menstruants, the harm is inflicted through the woman’s gaze and is 
measured in fractions — in this case, thirds. The Avesta lists elements dam-
aged by her gaze that might be considered expressions of the vibrancy and 
lusciousness of life. Together, they seem to correspond to the three sacred ele-
ments, water, vegetation, and cattle. The fourth victim of the 
jahi
’s gaze is the 
righteous (“Orderly”) man whose good thoughts, words, and deeds are also 
diminished by a third.
In his treatment of the structure of the 
Videvdad
, Prods Oktor Skjærvø has 
highlighted the importance of this work’s “bookends” — specifically, chap-
ters 1
–
2 and 18
–
22 — which describe the myth that undergirds and organizes 
the 
Videvdad
as a whole (Skjærvø 2006
:
122
–
123). An important component 
of this myth is the expansion of the earth by Yima — an Indo-Iranian char-
acter who functions in Zoroastrian tradition as an early proponent of Ahura 
47 
The translation of this and the following Avestan text is taken from Skjærvø’s translated 
Zoroastrian texts available at http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Zoroastrianism/
Zoroastrianism3_Texts_II.pdf (accessed 13 June 2013).

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 101
The Fractious Eye
Numen 61 (2014) 83–108
Mazdā’s will in this world — as it becomes overcrowded with people and ani-
mals (
Videvdad
2.8, 2.13, and 2.17). On three separate occasions the earth grows 
by a third (
Videvdad
2.11, 2.15, 2.19). Subsequently, Ahura Mazdā warns Yima 
of an impending natural disaster and advises him to construct a bunker that 
will protect the creatures in his charge.48 The bunker functions like a kind of 
“biosphere” for the seeds of the greatest people, cattle, and plants to grow and 
flourish regardless of the conditions outside. Interestingly, some of the bun-
ker’s characteristics are similar to the luscious elements that the 
jahi
harms 
in 
Videvdad
18: “Make water flow forth there the length of a “league” (
hāthra
). 
Place meadows there, with green . . . [?], with inexhaustible savory foods. Place 
homes there, with roof and awning, *porch and *fence” (
Videvdad
2.26).
As noted previously, the bulk of the 
Videvdad
is concerned with the rules 
of pollution, which are taken up after Zarathustra asks Ahura Mazdā where 
the earth is least happy (